Smoking in relation to mortality* within the Zutphen Study, according to updated covariates at each measurement round
| Smoking state | Overall smoking | Cigarette smoking | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | ||
| COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | |||||
| *Because of missing data, the number of events may be smaller than the number mentioned in table 1. | |||||
| †Hazard ratio adjusted for energy intake, alcohol use, body mass index, baseline socioeconomic status, prevalence of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus and cancer; cigarette smoking is additionally adjusted for cigar or pipe smoking. | |||||
| ‡Recent ex-smokers are defined as men who stopped smoking <10 years ago. | |||||
| §Hazard ratios were calculated using mean survival age (76 years). | |||||
| All cause | Recent ex-smoker‡ | 1.57 (1.31 to 1.89) | 1.47 (1.21 to 1.77) | 1.51 (1.28 to 1.78) | 1.39 (1.17 to 1.65) |
| Current smoker | 1.78 (1.53 to 2.08) | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.99) | 1.70 (1.48 to 1.96) | 1.60 (1.38 to 1.86) | |
| Total cardiovascular | Recent ex-smoker | 1.40 (1.09 to 1.80) | 1.51 (1.15 to 1.99)§ | 1.41 (1.12 to 1.76) | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.74) |
| Current smoker | 1.55 (1.26 to 1.91) | 1.78 (1.41 to 2.24)§ | 1.56 (1.29 to 1.89) | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.03) | |
| Coronary heart disease | Recent ex-smoker | 1.37 (0.96 to 1.95) | 1.27 (0.89 to 1.83) | 1.42 (1.04 to 1.95) | 1.33 (0.96 to 1.85) |
| Current smoker | 1.35 (1.01 to 1.82) | 1.54 (1.13 to 2.10) | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 1.59 (1.18 to 2.13) | |
| Total cancer | Recent ex-smoker | 1.74 (1.24 to 2.44) | 1.28 (0.91 to 1.82) | 1.54 (1.15 to 2.08) | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.57) |
| Current smoker | 1.93 (1.45 to 2.57) | 1.51 (1.11 to 2.05) | 1.81 (1.40 to 2.33) | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.83) | |
| Lung cancer | Recent ex-smoker | 2.80 (1.44 to 5.44) | 2.00 (1.02 to 3.92) | 2.29 (1.35 to 3.88) | 1.72 (1.00 to 2.95) |
| Current smoker | 3.86 (2.17 to 6.87) | 2.93 (1.60 to 5.35) | 3.25 (2.08 to 5.08) | 2.34 (1.47 to 3.75) | |
| COPD | Recent ex-smoker | 2.15 (1.21 to 3.85) | 2.29 (1.27 to 4.13) | 2.96 (1.78 to 4.92) | 2.98 (1.78 to 5.01) |
| Current smoker | 2.43 (1.48 to 4.00) | 2.23 (1.32 to 3.76) | 3.30 (2.09 to 5.21) | 2.90 (1.80 to 4.68) | |