Adjusted relative risk* (95% CI) of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, smoking-related cancer or lung cancer, by smoking category, sex individually and both sexes together, with heavy smokers as reference (23 798 male and 25 698 female participants aged 20–49 at initial screening†)
| Sex category, deaths from | Never smokers | Ex-smokers | Quitters | Moderate smokers | Reducers | Heavy smokers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Adjusted for age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index (kg/m2), height, disability pension, sickness leave and family history of coronary heart disease recorded at the last examination. In the section covering both sexes, adjustmentsare made also for sex. | ||||||
| †Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes or treatment for hypertension, or symptoms of angina pectoris or atherosclerosis obliterans at the last examination. | ||||||
| Men (n = 23 798 aged 20–49 years)† | ||||||
| All causes | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.38) | 0.36 (0.33 to 0.40) | 0.45 (0.40 to 0.51) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.83) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) | 1.00 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.36) | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.36) | 0.46 (0.39 to 0.55) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.96) | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.43) | 1.00 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.35) | 0.30 (0.25 to 0.37) | 0.45 (0.36 to 0.56) | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.03) | 0.94 (0.63 to 1.41) | 1.00 |
| Smoking-related cancer | 0.23 (0.19 to 0.29) | 0.26 (0.21 to 0.33) | 0.33 (0.26 to 0.43) | 0.65 (0.55 to 0.76) | 0.72 (0.45 to 1.18) | 1.00 |
| Lung cancer | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.14) | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.23) | 0.57 (0.45 to 0.72) | 0.71 (0.36 to 1.39) | 1.00 |
| Women (n = 25 698 aged 20–49 years)† | ||||||
| All causes | 0.35 (0.31 to 0.40) | 0.37 (0.31 to 0.44) | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.65) | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.88) | 1.11 (0.74 to 1.67) | 1.00 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.24 (0.19 to 0.32) | 0.25 (0.16 to 0.37) | 0.47 (0.31 to 0.69) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.10) | 0.86 (0.35 to 2.13) | 1.00 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.28 (0.19 to 0.41) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.37) | 0.68 (0.41 to 1.12) | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.32) | 1.13 (0.35 to 3.67) | 1.00 |
| Smoking-related cancer | 0.16 (0.12 to 0.22) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.29) | 0.24 (0.14 to 0.40) | 0.64 (0.49 to 0.83) | 1.40 (0.68 to 2.90) | 1.00 |
| Lung cancer | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.04) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.16) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.29) | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.69) | 0.51 (0.12 to 2.08) | 1.00 |
| Both sexes | ||||||
| All causes | 0.34 (0.32 to 0.37) | 0.37 (0.34 to 0.40) | 0.47 (0.43 to 0.52) | 0.76 (0.72 to 0.82) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.22) | 1.00 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.28 (0.25 to 0.33) | 0.30 (0.26 to 0.34) | 0.46 (0.39 to 0.54) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | 1.02 (0.75 to 1.39) | 1.00 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.28 (0.24 to 0.33) | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.34) | 0.48 (0.39 to 0.58) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.96 (0.65 to 1.41) | 1.00 |
| Smoking-related cancer | 0.20 (0.17 to 0.24) | 0.25 (0.20 to 0.30) | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.39) | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.76) | 0.86 (0.57 to 1.28) | 1.00 |
| Lung cancer | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.12) | 0.14 (0.09 to 0.21) | 0.55 (0.45 to 0.66) | 0.66 (0.36 to 1.21) | 1.00 |