Table 5

Adjusted RR with 95% CI for all-cause and cause-specific death by smoking status of clients in Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong after excluding 244 deaths, people who died within 6 months after their first enrolment

Cause of deaths	Never smoker	Former smoker	All current smoker	Cigarette consumption per day for current smoker			Linear test for trend 1†	Linear test for trend 2‡	Ever smoker§
	Never smoker	Former smoker	All current smoker	1–9	10–20	>20	Linear test for trend 1†	Linear test for trend 2‡	Ever smoker§
	RR	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	p Value	p Value	RR (95% CI)
CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
p<0.05, p<0.01, **p<0.001.
†Linear trend with increasing smoking status from never to former and current smoker.
‡Linear trend with increasing smoking status from never smoker, former smoker and current smoker consuming 1–9, 10–20, and 21 cigarettes or more daily.
§Combining current smoker and former smoker.
¶Adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, active chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, COPD/asthma, hypercholesterolaemia, cerebrovascular accident, regular medication, admission to hospital, monthly expenditure, regular contact with relatives, unintentional weight loss in the past 6 months, body mass index, self-rated health, functional disability and depressive symptoms.
Men¶
Malignant neoplasm
Lung cancer	1.00	3.36*** (2.20 to 5.13)	6.65*** (4.34 to 10.18)	6.17*** (3.78 to 10.07)	7.35*** (4.56 to 11.83)	7.24*** (3.86 to 13.59)	<0.001	<0.001	4.45*** (2.98 to 6.64)
All cancers	1.00	1.65*** (1.35 to 2.01)	2.48*** (2.00 to 3.07)	2.35*** (1.79 to 3.07)	2.66*** (2.05 to 3.46)	2.57*** (1.72 to 3.83)	<0.001	<0.001	1.92*** (1.59 to 2.30)

Cardiovascular disease
CHD	1.00	0.88 (0.62 to 1.27)	1.17 (0.75 to 1.80)	1.01 (0.55 to 1.86)	1.37 (0.79 to 2.38)	1.54 (0.65 to 3.66)	0.624	0.223	0.96 (0.69 to 1.35)
Stroke	1.00	1.59* (1.01 to 2.50)	2.56*** (1.56 to 4.22)	2.26* (1.20 to 4.24)	2.98** (1.61 to 5.54)	2.22 (0.76 to 6.48)	<0.001	<0.001	1.87** (1.22 to 2.85)
All	1.00	1.26 (0.99 to 1.60)	1.60** (1.20 to 2.12)	1.47* (1.01 to 2.14)	1.87** (1.31 to 2.68)	1.49 (0.79 to 2.80)	0.001	0.001	1.35** (1.08 to 1.70)

Respiratory disease
COPD	1.00	1.78* (1.08 to 2.96)	1.24 (0.68 to 2.26)	1.53 (0.76 to 3.06)	0.73 (0.30 to 1.77)	2.41 (0.94 to 6.16)	0.629	0.832	1.61 (0.98 to 2.65)
All	1.00	1.38* (1.02 to 1.86)	1.12 (0.77 to 1.61)	1.16 (0.73 to 1.83)	0.95 (0.57 to 1.60)	1.59 (0.80 to 3.13)	0.495	0.633	1.30 (0.98 to 1.74)
All causes	1.00	1.40*** (1.24 to 1.58)	1.75*** (1.52 to 2.01)	1.74*** (1.46 to 2.07)	1.80*** (1.50 to 2.16)	1.86*** (1.41 to 2.45)	<0.001	<0.001	1.51*** (1.34 to 1.69)

Women¶
Malignant neoplasm
Lung cancer	1.00	2.77*** (1.95 to 3.92)	3.25*** (2.11 to 4.99)	3.40*** (2.07 to 5.59)	3.11** (1.36 to 7.12)	Undetermined	<0.001	<0.001	2.93*** (2.17 to 3.95)
All cancers	1.00	1.46** (1.16 to 1.84)	1.73*** (1.28 to 2.33)	1.69** (1.17 to 2.43)	1.98* (1.13 to 3.45)	Undetermined	<0.001	<0.001	1.54*** (1.27 to 1.88)

Cardiovascular disease
CHD	1.00	1.30 (0.85 to 2.00)	1.47 (0.79 to 2.74)	0.95 (0.39 to 2.34)	2.00 (0.63 to 6.33)	7.30** (1.78 to 29.97)	0.112	0.043	1.35 (0.93 to 1.96)
Stroke	1.00	1.39 (0.91 to 2.12)	1.46 (0.78 to 2.73)	1.13 (0.50 to 2.60)	1.26 (0.31 to 5.13)	7.73** (1.89 to 31.66)	0.084	0.047	1.41 (0.97 to 2.05)
All	1.00	1.37* (1.05 to 1.78)	1.48* (1.01 to 2.18)	1.24 (0.76 to 2.04)	1.23 (0.51 to 2.99)	5.62** (2.08 to 15.16)	0.005	0.003	1.40** (1.11 to 1.76)

Respiratory disease
COPD	1.00	3.72*** (2.14 to 6.45)	2.54* (1.14 to 5.66)	1.92 (0.70 to 5.23)	1.21 (0.16 to 9.20)	8.51* (1.07 to 67.83)	<0.001	0.002	3.37*** (2.00 to 5.66)
All	1.00	2.08*** (1.48 to 2.93)	1.42 (0.80 to 2.52)	1.36 (0.63 to 2.52)	1.01 (0.25 to 4.11)	3.58 (0.49 to 26.11)	0.002	0.008	1.89*** (1.38 to 2.60)
All causes	1.00	1.46*** (1.27 to 1.67)	1.37** (1.12 to 1.68)	1.28 (1.00 to 1.65)	1.36 (0.89 to 2.07)	1.74 (0.72 to 4.20)	<0.001	<0.001	1.43*** (1.27 to 1.62)