| Reference, year and location | Participants, age and study quality | Intervention/control | Follow-up (rate), intervention duration | Group outcome(s) of smoking behaviour (as presented in original publication) | ||
| Curry et al,25 2003, USA | n = 4026, no information, high | Intervention: minimal family-based interventionControl: no intervention | 20 months (I: 86%, C: 90%), NA | Lifetime smoking:I: 13.6%C: 12.1%OR (I vs C): 1.13, p = 0.25 | Curry II, 30-day smoking:I: 2.4%C: 2.3%OR (I vs C): 1.06, p = 0.8 | |
| Hollis et al,34 2005, Canada | n = 2526, 14 to 17 years, high | Intervention: primary-care based, computer assisted and expert consultationControl: no intervention | 24 months (I: 86%, C: 90%), once | 30-day smoking:I: 27.2%C: 31.4%OR: 0.81 (0.68 to 0.97) | Hollis II, 30-day smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 14.2%C: 16.9%OR: 0.8 (0.62 to 1.03) | |
| Jackson et al,35 2006, USA | n = 873, 7 to 8 years, high | Intervention: five guidelines mailed, activities for smoking parents and kids, one booster after 1 yearControl: information material | 36 months (I: 87.1%, C: 90.6%), 10 weeks | Lifetime smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 11.9%C: 19.3%OR: 0.46 (0.30 to 0.72)IGD: p<0.001 | ||
| Elder et al,47 2002, USA | n = 660, 11 to 16 years, good | Intervention: eight weekly sessions, strengthening skills in parents and children plus two booster callsControl: no intervention | 24 months (I: 85%, C: 78%), 1 year | 30-day smoking:I: 2.9%C: 3.5%IGD: NS | ||
| Fidler et al,36 2001, UK | n = 2942, 10 to 15 years, good | Intervention: four sessions, primary care based informationControl: no intervention | 12 months (I: 74.6%, C: 78.5%), continuing | Lifetime smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 5.1%C: 7.8%OR: 0.63 (0.46 to 0.91)IGD: p = 0.006 | ||
| Stanton et al,37 2004, USA | n = 817, 13 to 16 years, good | Focus on kids (FOK): eight sessions, risk-reduction; I1: as above + informed parents and children together; I2: as above plus additional video and discussion with parents + booster of four 90 min group sessionsControl: NA | 24 months (overall: 60%), NA | 6-month smoking:FOK: 22.7% vs I1: p = 0.08, vs I2: p = 0.016I1: 12.1%, vs I2: p = 0.859I2: 12.9% | ||
| Stevens et al,38 2002, USA | n = 3145, fifth to sixth grade, good | Intervention: paediatrician led information and discussion, parental involvement, newsletterControl: no intervention | 36 months (overall: 69.4%), 36 months | Lifetime smoking:I: 5.4%C: 4.6%OR: 0.97 (0.79 to 1.2), p = 0.78 | ||
| DÓnofrio et al,58 2002, USA | n = 1853, 10 to 14 years, fair | Intervention: five meetings, youth club based activities and informationControl: no intervention | 24 months (I: 77.2%, C: 78.3%), 5 months | Lifetime smoking:no difference in smoking prevalence between intervention groups (only reported verbally) | ||
| Schinke et al,45 2004, USA | n = 514, 10 to 12 years, fair | CD-ROM intervention (I1): 10 sessions, computer assisted skill training; I2: as above + parental intervention, 1 session, additional information and materialControl: no intervention | 36 months (I1: 92.1%, I2: 88.2%, C: 93.3%), NA | 30-day smoking:I1: 0.9 (SD 0.28), vs C: p<0.05, vs I2: NSI2: 0.8 (SD 0.20), vs C: p<0.05C: 1.3 (SD 0.53) | ||
| Spoth et al,46 2004, USA | n = 667, sixth grade, fair | Iowa strengthening family program (I1): seven school sessions and additional family session; Preparing for the drug free years (I2): four parental sessions and one session for youthsControl: no intervention | 72 months (NA), I1: 7 weeks; I2: 5 weeks | Lifetime smoking:primary growth curve parameters I1 vs C: α0 = 0.62, β0 = −2.95, γ0 = 0.094; I2 vs C: α0 = 0.62, β0 = −2.94, γ0 = 0.093, IGD: p<0.01intervention effect parameters I1 vs C: α1 = 0.07, β1 = −0.11, γ1 = −0.047; I2 vs C: α1 = 0.07, β1 = 0.59, γ1 = −0.028, IGD: p<0.01(smoking initiation was reduced in both intervention groups) | ||
Author names followed by II, III or abbreviation represent additional outcome measures in meta-analysis. If given, ranges in parentheses are 95% CIs. Interventions are given by program name, where applicable. Grade refers to school grade.
IGD, intergroup difference; C, control; I, intervention; OR, odds ratio; NS, not significant; NA, not available.