Coefficient | Robust standard error | p Value | |
Fixed effects | |||
For intercept: | |||
Intercept | 0.276 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
For slope (growth rate): | |||
Intercept | −0.008 | 0.007 | 0.277 |
Convenience store with petrol | 0.035 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Convenience store without petrol | 0.025 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Large pharmacy | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Petrol only | 0.040 | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Liquor store | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.025 |
Supermarket | 0.040 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Population density quartile 4 | −0.010 | 0.005 | 0.039 |
SES† | −0.004 | 0.003 | 0.149 |
High proportion of Asian/Pacific Islanders | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.901 |
High proportion of African–Americans | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.031 |
High proportion of Hispanics | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.872 |
Random effects | |||
Intercept variance (R0) | 0.051 | 0.000 | |
Slope (growth rate) variance (R01) | 0.002 | 0.019 |
*Advertisments include interior and exterior signs, shelving units, displays, and interior and exterior functional items.
†SES (socioeconomic standing) is a composite measure; higher scores equal higher socioeconomic standing.