Table 4 Longitudinal multilevel model for proportion of advertisements* with a sales promotion predicted by time and neighbourhood characteristics, controlling for store type

	Coefficient	Robust standard error	p Value
Fixed effects
For intercept:
Intercept	0.276	0.020	0.000
For slope (growth rate):
Intercept	−0.008	0.007	0.277
Convenience store with petrol	0.035	0.006	0.000
Convenience store without petrol	0.025	0.006	0.000
Large pharmacy	0.033	0.009	0.000
Petrol only	0.040	0.012	0.002
Liquor store	0.012	0.005	0.025
Supermarket	0.040	0.008	0.000
Population density quartile 4	−0.010	0.005	0.039
SES†	−0.004	0.003	0.149
High proportion of Asian/Pacific Islanders	0.001	0.005	0.901
High proportion of African–Americans	0.010	0.005	0.031
High proportion of Hispanics	0.001	0.005	0.872
Random effects
Intercept variance (R₀)	0.051		0.000
Slope (growth rate) variance (R₀₁)	0.002		0.019

*Advertisments include interior and exterior signs, shelving units, displays, and interior and exterior functional items.
†SES (socioeconomic standing) is a composite measure; higher scores equal higher socioeconomic standing.