Demographic distribution of study population and prevalence and determinants of current smoking
| Characteristic | Number (%) | Males | Smokers | Female | Smokers | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p Value | ||||
| No (%) | No (%) | No (%) | No (%) | ||||||||
| Locality type | |||||||||||
| Total | 6258 (100) | 2274 (36.33) | 202 (3.23) | 3984 (63.66) | 11 ( 0.18) | 1 | |||||
| Urban | 3161 (50.5) | 1134 (35.87) | 106 (3.4) | 2027 (64.13) | 7 (0.22) | 0.90 (0.64 to 1.27) | 0.54† | ||||
| Rural | 3097 (49.5) | 1140 (36.81) | 96 (3.1) | 1957 (63.19) | 4 (0.13) | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||
| 14–19 | 1144 (18.3) | 478 (41.78) | 10 (0.87) | 666 (58.22) | 2 (0.17) | 1 | |||||
| 20–29 | 1686 (26.9) | 595 (35.29) | 39 (2.31) | 1091 (64.71) | 2 (0.12) | 2.44 (1.19 to 4.98) | |||||
| 30–39 | 1277 (20.4) | 450 (35.24) | 51 (4.00) | 827 (64.76) | 3 (0.23) | 4.32 (2.10 to 8.90) | |||||
| 40–49 | 810 (12.9) | 277 (34.20) | 35 (4.32) | 533 (65.80) | 1 (0.12) | 4.59 (2.67 to 7.87) | <0.001* | ||||
| 50–59 | 554 (8.9) | 193 (34.84) | 35 (6.32) | 361 (65.16) | 0 (0.00) | 6.69 (3.41 to 12.38) | |||||
| 60–69 | 328 (5.2) | 121 (36.89 | 19 (5.79) | 207 (63.11) | 1 (0.30) | 6.36 (3.26 to 12.38) | |||||
| ⩾70 | 459 (7.3) | 160 (34.86) | 13 (2.83) | 299 (65.14) | 2 (0.44) | 3.26 (1.43 to 7.42) | |||||
| Religion | |||||||||||
| Christian | 5699 (91.5) | 2003 (35.15) | 152 (2.67) | 3696 (64.85) | 9 (0.16) | 1 | |||||
| Muslim | 424 (6.8) | 165 (38.91) | 15 (3.54) | 259 (61.08) | 2 (0.47) | 1.37 (0.84 to 2.22) | <0.001† | ||||
| Traditionalist | 82 (1.3) | 66 (80.49) | 29 (35.33) | 16 (19.51) | 0 (0.00) | 7.50 (4.43 to 12.69) | |||||
| Other | 53 (0.8) | 40 (75.47) | 6 (11.3) | 13 (24.53) | 0 (0.00) | 1.80 (0.67 to 4.84) | |||||
| Education | |||||||||||
| Illiterate | 1004 (16) | 210 (20.19) | 25 (2.49) | 794 (79.08) | 3 (0.30) | 1 | |||||
| Primary | 765 (12.2) | 208 (27.19) | 35 (4.58) | 557 (72.81) | 1 (0.13) | 1.49 (0.81 to 2.73) | 0.03† | ||||
| Secondary | 4206 (67.2) | 1667 (39.64) | 129 (3.07) | 2539 (60.37) | 7 (0.17) | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.43) | |||||
| Tertiary | 283 (4.5) | 189 (66.78) | 13 (4.59) | 94 (33.22) | 0 (0.00) | 0.53 (0.20 to 1.40) | |||||
| Ownership of goods | |||||||||||
| None | 1462 (23.3) | 363 (24.83) | 29 (1.98) | 1099 (75.17) | 6 (0.41) | 1 | |||||
| Radio | 1262 (20.2) | 513 (40.65) | 58 (4.59) | 749 (59.02) | 1 (0.07) | 1.18 (0.75 to 1.85) | |||||
| Telephone | 1513 (24.2) | 598 (39.52) | 34 (2.25) | 1096 (72.44) | 0 (0.00) | 0.53 (0.29 to 0.97) | 0.07† | ||||
| TV | 1694 (27.1) | 654 (38.61) | 71 (4.19) | 859 (50.71) | 4 (0.24) | 1.09 (0.59 to 2.03) | |||||
| Car | 327 (5.2) | 146 (44.65) | 10 (3.06) | 181(55.35) | 0 (0.24) | 0.61 (0.27 to 1.39) | |||||
| Occupation | |||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1231 (19.7) | 330 (26.81) | 39 (3.13) | 901 (73.19) | 5 (0.41) | 1 | |||||
| Self-employed | 2403 (38.4) | 679 (28.26) | 59 (2.46) | 1724 (71.74) | 4 (0.17) | 0.53 (0.36 to 0.79) | |||||
| Student | 852 (13.6) | 418 (49.06) | 6 (0.70) | 434 (50.93) | 1 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.08 to 0.41) | |||||
| Administrative staff | 99 (1.6) | 59 (59.60) | 7 (7.07) | 40 (40.40) | 0 (0.00) | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.83) | 0.003† | ||||
| Urban skilled worker | 652 (10.4) | 426 (65.34) | 41 (6.23) | 226 (34.67) | 0 (0.00) | 0.66 (0.41 to 1.06) | |||||
| Rural worker (farmer) | 1021 (16.3) | 362 (35.46) | 50 (4.89) | 659 (64.54) | 1 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.55) | |||||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Akan | 5423 (86.7) | 1969 (36.31) | 171 (3.15) | 3454 (63.69) | 8 (0.14) | 1 | |||||
| Ewe | 59 (0.9) | 20 (33.40) | 3 (5.08) | 39 (66.10) | 1 (1.69) | 2.54 (0.73 to 8.90) | 0.33† | ||||
| Dagbani | 43 (0.7) | 17 (39.53) | 3 (6.98) | 26 (60.47) | 0 (0.00) | 1.52 (0.56 to 4.12) | |||||
| Others | 733 (11.7) | 268 (36.56) | 25 (3.41) | 465 (63.44) | 2 (0.27) | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.77) | |||||
| Alcohol use | |||||||||||
| Yes | 2165 (34.60) | 1132 (52.29) | 177 (8.18) | 1033 (47.71) | 9 (0.42) | 1 | <0.001† | ||||
| No | 4093 (65.40) | 1142 (27.90) | 25 (0.61) | 2951 (72.10) | 2 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.22) | |||||
| Friends who smoke | |||||||||||
| None | 5100 (81.50) | 1516 (29.73) | 29 (0.57) | 3584 (70.27) | 3 (0.01) | 1 | |||||
| 1–3 | 708 (11.31) | 415 (58.62) | 7 (0.99) | 293 (41.38) | 2 (0.28) | 11.23 (6.57 to 19.21) | <0.001† | ||||
| >3 | 450 (7.19) | 343 (76.22) | 96 (21.33) | 107 (23.78) | 6 (1.33) | 21.72 (13.36 to 35.31) | |||||
| Exercise/week | |||||||||||
| Never | 3109 (49.68) | 794 (25.54) | 104 (3.35) | 2315 (74.46) | 10 (0.32) | 1 | |||||
| Once | 711 (11.36) | 283 (39.80) | 19 (2.67) | 428 (60.20) | 0 (0.00) | 0.49 (0.26 to 0.94) | |||||
| More than once | 1115 (17.82) | 510 (45.93) | 21 (1.88) | 605 (54.26) | 0 (0.00) | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.47) | <0.001† | ||||
| Everyday | 1323 (21.14) | 687 (51.93) | 58 (4.38) | 636 (48.07) | 1 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.45 to 0.96) | |||||
*p value for trend.
†Wald p value adjusted for age, gender and urban or rural locality type.