Treatment effects by study
| Follow-up time point | Authors | Year | Control | MI | Difference | OR | 95% CI† |
| % (n) abstinent | % (n) abstinent | ||||||
| 4–8 weeks | Stotts et al35 | 2002 | 21.5% (135) | 20.1% (134) | −1.4% | 0.92 | (0.51 to 1.66) |
| Borrelli et al36 | 2005 | 9.0% (144) | 9.3% (129) | 0.3% | 1.03 | (0.45 to 2.35) | |
| Brown et al37 | 2003 | 10.7% (75) | 11.2% (116) | 0.5% | 1.06 | (0.42 to 2.69) | |
| Okuyemi et al38 | 2007 | 5.6% (107) | 6.1% (66) | 0.5% | 1.09 | (0.29 to 4.00) | |
| Kelly and Lapworth32 | 2006 | 15.4% (26) | 20.0% (30) | 4.6% | 1.38 | (0.34 to 5.53) | |
| Glasgow et al39 | 2000 | 6.9% (576) | 10.2% (578) | 3.3% | 1.52 | (1.00 to 2.32) | |
| Helstrom et al40 | 2007 | 5.6% (36) | 8.9% (45) | 3.3% | 1.66 | (0.29 to 9.61) | |
| Colby et al41 | 2005 | 0.0% (42) | 2.3% (43) | 2.3% | Infinite* | Undefined | |
| 10–12 weeks | Ingersoll et al42 | 2007 | 55.6% (18) | 31.8% (22) | −23.8% | 0.37 | (0.10 to 1.36) |
| Stein et al43 | 2006 | 8.3% (192) | 5.8% (191) | −2.5% | 0.67 | (0.30 to 1.49) | |
| Haug et al22 | 2004 | 0.0% (33) | 0.0% (30) | 0.0% | 1* | Undefined | |
| Wakefield et al44 | 2004 | 6.3% (63) | 6.8% (74) | 0.5% | 1.07 | (0.27 to 4.16) | |
| Kelly and Lapworth32 | 2006 | 15.4% (26) | 20.0% (30) | 4.6% | 1.38 | (0.34 to 5.53) | |
| Colby et al45 | 1998 | 10.0% (20) | 20.0% (20) | 10.0% | 2.25 | (0.36 to 13.97) | |
| Baker et al46 | 2006 | 6.0% (151) | 15.0% (147) | 9.0% | 2.78 | (1.23 to 6.25) | |
| Curry et al47 | 2003 | 2.7% (147) | 8.3% (156) | 5.6% | 3.25 | (1.03 to 10.21) | |
| Hokanson et al48 | 2006 | 5.3% (57) | 15.8% (57) | 10.5% | 3.37 | (0.86 to 13.19) | |
| McCambridge and Strang33 | 2004 | 7.9% (63) | 25.0% (76) | 17.1% | 3.87 | (1.35 to 11.06) | |
| Colby et al41 | 2005 | 0.0% (42) | 4.7% (43) | 4.7% | Infinite* | Undefined | |
| 22–26 weeks | Ahluwalia et al29 (MI + placebo NRT) | 2006 | 15.4% (188) | 6.9% (189) | −8.5% | 0.40 | (0.20 to 0.81) |
| Tappin et al34 | 2000 | 8.0% (50) | 4.0% (50) | −4.0% | 0.48 | (0.08 to 2.74) | |
| Ahluwalia et al29 (MI + NRT) | 2006 | 18.0% (189) | 10.1% (189) | −7.9% | 0.51 | (0.28 to 0.93) | |
| Ruger et al49 | 2008 | 8.0% (100) | 6.4% (110) | −1.6% | 0.78 | (0.27 to 2.24) | |
| Okuyemi et al38 | 2007 | 9.3% (107) | 7.6% (66) | −1.7% | 0.80 | (0.26 to 2.44) | |
| Horn et al50 | 2007 | 2.9% (34) | 2.4% (41) | −0.5% | 0.82 | (0.05 to 13.70) | |
| Tappin et al51 | 2005 | 8.8% (411) | 7.4% (351) | −1.4% | 0.83 | (0.49 to 1.41) | |
| Smith et al30 (low-risk for relapse) | 2001 | 24.8% (121) | 22.0% (127) | −2.8% | 0.86 | (0.48 to 1.55) | |
| Hokanson et al48 | 2006 | 10.5% (57) | 10.5% (57) | 0.0% | 1.00 | (0.30 to 3.31) | |
| Hannover et al | Unpub | 21.2% (433) | 21.9% (438) | 0.7% | 1.04 | (0.75 to 1.44) | |
| Stein et al43 | 2006 | 4.7% (192) | 5.2% (191) | 0.5% | 1.12 | (0.45 to 2.83) | |
| Borrelli et al36 | 2005 | 10.4% (144) | 11.6% (129) | 1.2% | 1.13 | (0.53 to 2.42) | |
| Glasgow et al39 | 2000 | 14.9% (576) | 18.3% (578) | 3.4% | 1.28 | (0.94 to 1.75) | |
| Hyman et al31 (sequential tx for several health behaviours) | 2007 | 21.5% (93) | 27.1% (96) | 5.6% | 1.36 | (0.69 to 2.65) | |
| Hyman et al31 (simultaneous tx for several health behaviours) | 2007 | 21.5% (93) | 29.3% (92) | 7.8% | 1.52 | (0.78 to 2.96) | |
| Smith et al30 (high-risk for relapse) | 2001 | 12.7% (102) | 18.8% (101) | 6.1% | 1.59 | (0.74 to 3.41) | |
| Helstrom et al40 | 2007 | 5.6% (36) | 8.9% (45) | 3.3% | 1.66 | (0.29 to 9.61) | |
| Kelly and Lapworth32 | 2006 | 15.4% (26) | 23.3% (30) | 7.9% | 1.67 | (0.43 to 6.52) | |
| Brown et al37 | 2003 | 8.0% (75) | 12.9% (116) | 4.9% | 1.71 | (0.63 to 4.62) | |
| McClure et al52 | 2005 | 12.4% (137) | 19.6% (138) | 7.2% | 1.72 | (0.89 to 3.32) | |
| Manfredi et al53 | 2004 | 8.6% (547) | 14.7% (517) | 6.1% | 1.83 | (1.25 to 2.70) | |
| Baker et al46 | 2006 | 4.0% (151) | 9.5% (147) | 5.5% | 2.54 | (0.95 to 6.81) | |
| Butler et al54 | 1999 | 3.0% (266) | 8.1% (270) | 5.1% | 2.86 | (1.25 to 6.55) | |
| Colby et al41 | 2005 | 2.4% (42) | 9.3% (43) | 6.9% | 4.21 | (0.45 to 39.29) | |
| Soria et al55 | 2006 | 3.5% (86) | 18.4% (114) | 14.9% | 6.25 | (1.80 to 21.71) | |
| Gariti et al56 | 2002 | 0.0% (30) | 5.9% (34) | 5.9% | Infinite* | Undefined | |
| Herman and Fahnlander57 | 2003 | 0.0% (22) | 15.0% (20) | 15.0% | Infinite* | Undefined | |
| 52 weeks | McClure et al52 | 2005 | 19.7% (137) | 18.1% (138) | −1.6% | 0.90 | (0.49 to 1.65) |
| Hannover et al | Unpub | 19.6% (433) | 18.5% (438) | −1.1% | 0.93 | (0.66 to 1.30) | |
| Smith et al30 (high-risk for relapse) | 2001 | 13.7% (102) | 12.9% (101) | −0.8% | 0.93 | (0.41 to 2.09) | |
| Smith et al30 (low-risk for relapse) | 2001 | 23.1% (121) | 23.6% (127) | 0.5% | 1.03 | (0.57 to 1.85) | |
| Manfredi et al53 | 2004 | 10.8% (547) | 11.4% (517) | 0.6% | 1.07 | (0.73 to 1.56) | |
| Brown et al37 | 2003 | 9.3% (75) | 13.8% (116) | 4.5% | 1.55 | (0.61 to 3.98) | |
| Borrelli et al36 | 2005 | 8.3% (144) | 12.4% (129) | 4.1% | 1.56 | (0.71 to 3.43) | |
| Baker et al46 | 2006 | 6.6% (151) | 10.9% (147) | 4.3% | 1.72 | (0.75 to 3.93) | |
| Curry et al47 | 2003 | 0.7% (147) | 1.9% (156) | 1.2% | 2.86 | (0.29 to 27.83) | |
| Soria et al55 | 2006 | 3.5% (86) | 18.4% (114) | 14.9% | 6.25 | (1.80 to 21.71) | |
↵* ORs in which the control abstinence rate is 0 were included in figure 1 by adding 0.25 to the cell; in actuality, they are undefined due to division by zero. The random rather than fixed intercept in the regression models accounted for such low control abstinence rates. ORs calculated before rounding abstinence rates.
↵† 95% CIs obtained using Woolf's method.58
MI, motivational interviewing intervention; n, sample size; NRT, nicotine replacement therapy; tx, treatment.