Sustained smokers of a pipe and sustained smokers of cigarettes*, by amount smoked recorded at the last examination. Number of participants, person years and deaths. Adjusted relative risk† (95% CI) of death from all causes, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and other smoking-related cancer, with sustained never smokers as reference
| Never smoked | Sustained smokers of a pipe only | Sustained smokers of cigarettes only | |||||
| <1 pack per week (<7 g per day) | 1–1.99 packs per week (7–14 g per day) | 2+ packs per week (14+ g per day) | <5 cigarettes per day | 5–14 cigarettes per day | 15+ cigarettes per day | ||
| Participants (n = 16 531) | 6275 | 62 | 464 | 139 | 231 | 4373 | 4737 |
| Number of person years | 156274 | 1473 | 10726 | 3051 | 5709 | 103 345 | 107 869 |
| Number of deaths | 970 | 25 | 186 | 68 | 62 | 1516 | 1852 |
| Mean daily tob. consumption (g) | 0 | 3.79 | 8.07 | 15.29 | 3.32 | 9.45 | 19.18 |
| Relative risks | |||||||
| Deaths from: | |||||||
| All causes | 1.00 | 1.79 (1.20 to 2.67) | 1.93 (1.64 to 2.26) | 2.53 (1.97 to 3.24) | 1.52 (1.16 to 1.97) | 2.23 (2.05 to 2.42) | 2.87 (2.65 to 3.11) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.00 | 2.73 (1.34 to 5.56) | 3.14 (2.31 to 4.26) | 3.34 (2.02 to 5.51) | 1.90 (1.10 to 3.27) | 3.16 (2.64 to 3.80) | 3.40 (2.84 to 4.07) |
| Stroke | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.16 to 8.20) | 1.03 (0.44 to 2.40) | 3.76 (1.61 to 8.78) | 2.16 (0.86 to 5.39) | 2.41 (1.73 to 3.36) | 2.25 (1.59 to 3.17) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.00 | 2.03 (1.08 to 3.82) | 2.37 (1.83 to 3.08) | 3.35 (2.28 to 4.91) | 1.53 (0.96 to 2.44) | 2.81 (2.44 to 3.24) | 3.02 (2.62 to 3.48) |
| Lung cancer | 1.00 | 23.51 (6.35 to 87.05) | 18.03 (8.01 to 40.59) | 19.12 (6.39 to 57.24) | 16.12 (5.73 to 45.33) | 22.08 (11.24 to 43.41) | 42.71 (21.91 to 83.23) |
| Other smoking- related cancer | 1.00 | 1.91 (0.70 to 5.16) | 1.49 (0.94 to 2.34) | 1.21 (0.49 to 2.96) | 1.09 (0.48 to 2.48) | 1.74 (1.37 to 2.20) | 2.31 (1.84 to 2.89) |
↵* Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes or treatment for hypertension, or symptoms of angina pectoris or atherosclerosis obliterans at the last examination.
↵† Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index (kg/m2), height, disability pension, sickness leave and family history of coronary heart disease recorded at the last examination.