Table 1 Summary of studies included in review with direct healthcare cost of ill health attributable to smoking in the United Kingdom

Reference	Setting	Direct cost (method)	Disease included in estimate
Parrott et al, 19984	England, 1991	Method 1:	Cancer
		£1.5 billion (attributable fractions)	Lung, upper respiratory sites, oesophagus, bladderkidney, stomach, pancreas, myeloid leukaemia
		Method 2:£1.4 billion (cost comparison: smokers versus non-smokers)
			Respiratory
			Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia
			Circulatory
			Ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, amyocardial degeneration, atherosclerosis
			Digestive
			Ulcer of stomach and duodenum
Buck et al, 19975	UK, 1991	Method 1:	Not specified
		£1.7 billion (attributable fractions)
		Method 2:
		£1.4 billion (using 1994 General Household Survey data and cost to the NHS of treating illnesses caused by smoking)