Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dying from various causes of death for current cigarette smokers compared with never-smokers as the referent group
| Cause of death | Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of deaths | RR | (95% CI) | Number of deaths | RR | (95% CI) | ||
| All causes combined | 2055 | 1.3 | (1.2–1.4) | 497 | 1.8 | (1.3–2.5) | |
| Cancer | |||||||
| All sites combined | 454 | 1.5 | (1.2–1.9) | 93 | 1.7 | (0.8–3.7) | |
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | 13 | 4.2 | (0.5–32.9) | 0 | 4-150 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 16 | 3.9 | (0.9–17.0) | 2 | 4-150 | ||
| Oesophagus | 26 | 1.0 | (0.4–2.6) | 1 | 4-150 | ||
| Stomach | 57 | 1.9 | (1.0–3.5) | 12 | 4-150 | ||
| Colon and rectum | 42 | 0.8 | (0.4–1.5) | 2 | 4-150 | ||
| Liver | 110 | 2.2 | (1.4–3.6) | 18 | 4-150 | ||
| Pancreas | 15 | 0.3 | (0.1–0.9) | 4 | 4-150 | ||
| Trachea, bronchus, and lung | 105 | 3.7 | (2.1–6.6) | 22 | 3.6 | (1.0–12.2) | |
| Cervix uteri | 4-150 | 4-150 | 6 | 5.3 | (0.6–46.8) | ||
| Urinary bladder and other urinary | 12 | 0.5 | (0.2–1.7) | 1 | 4-150 | ||
| Other diseases | |||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 143 | 1.8 | (1.2–2.6) | 23 | 1.9 | (0.4–8.4) | |
| Other heart diseases | 143 | 1.4 | (1.0–2.0) | 49 | 1.5 | (0.5–4.3) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 326 | 1.0 | (0.8–1.2) | 93 | 1.0 | (0.4–2.6) | |
| Arterial disease | 12 | 3.0 | (0.7–13.7) | 2 | 4-150 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 59 | 1.9 | (1.0–3.5) | 10 | 4-150 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 12 | 4.5 | (0.6–36.4) | 5 | 17.8 | (2.9–108.0) | |
↵4-150 Relative risk was not estimated due to small number of deaths.
All analyses were adjusted for age and other potential risk factors. See text for details.