Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dying from major diseases according to level of cigarette consumption among cigarette smokers at recruitment compared with never-smokers as the referent group
| Cause of death | Daily cigarette consumption | p | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⩽10 | 11–20 | >20 | |||||||
| RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | ||||
| All causes combined | 1.39 | (1.24–1.55) | 1.20 | (1.07–1.34) | 1.65 | (1.35–2.02) | <0.01 | ||
| Cancer | |||||||||
| All sites combined | 1.4 | (1.1–1.8) | 1.5 | (1.2–1.9) | 2.4 | (1.7–3.5) | <0.01 | ||
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | 2.3 | (0.2–25.5) | 4.7 | (0.6–38.8) | 7.5 | (0.7–86.7) | 0.05 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 3.6 | (0.8–16.3) | 3.3 | (0.8–14.0) | 3.1 | (0.3–31.5) | 0.13 | ||
| Oesophagus | 0.8 | (0.2–2.8) | 1.5 | (0.6–4.2) | 2.0 | (0.4–10.2) | 0.25 | ||
| Stomach | 1.7 | (0.9–3.4) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.1) | 3.0 | (1.1–8.3) | 0.06 | ||
| Liver | 2.1 | (1.2–3.5) | 1.9 | (1.2–3.2) | 1.8 | (0.7–4.5) | 0.02 | ||
| Trachea, bronchus, and lung | 3.1 | (1.7–5.6) | 3.6 | (2.0–6.4) | 8.3 | (4.0–17.3) | <0.01 | ||
| Other diseases | |||||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.9 | (1.2–2.9) | 1.6 | (1.0–2.4) | 2.8 | (1.4–5.5) | 0.01 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.7 | (0.9–3.3) | 2.0 | (1.1–3.9) | 0.8 | (0.1–6.0) | 0.09 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 9.9 | (2.1–47.2) | 9.1 | (1.6–52.5) | 5-150 | 0.08 | |||
↵5-150 Relative risk was not estimated due to the small number of deaths.
All analyses were adjusted for age and other potential risk factors. See text for details.