Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dying from major diseases according to cumulative cigarette smoking among cigarette smokers at recruitment compared with never-smokers as the referent group
| Cause of death | Cumulative cigarette smoking (pack-years) | p | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20 | 20–40 | ⩾41 | |||||||
| RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | ||||
| All causes combined | 1.31 | (1.16–1.47) | 1.33 | (1.18–1.50) | 1.27 | (1.11–1.45) | <0.01 | ||
| Cancer | |||||||||
| All sites combined | 1.1 | (0.9–1.3) | 1.7 | (1.3–2.1) | 2.0 | (1.5–2.6) | <0.01 | ||
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | 1.9 | (0.2–21.2) | 3.9 | (0.4–34.4) | 11.6 | (1.2–109.1) | 0.01 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 3.2 | (0.7–14.5) | 3.9 | (0.9–16.7) | 2.8 | (0.4–18.9) | 0.13 | ||
| Oesophagus | 0.4 | (0.1–2.1) | 2.1 | (0.8–5.9) | 1.2 | (0.4–4.1) | 0.26 | ||
| Stomach | 1.3 | (0.6–2.8) | 1.5 | (0.7–3.1) | 2.8 | (1.4–5.8) | <0.01 | ||
| Liver | 1.7 | (1.0–2.9) | 2.1 | (1.2–3.5) | 2.5 | (1.3–4.6) | <0.01 | ||
| Trachea, bronchus, and lung | 2.3 | (1.2–4.4) | 4.5 | (2.4–8.1) | 5.3 | (2.8–10.0) | <0.01 | ||
| Other diseases | |||||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.9 | (1.2–2.9) | 1.9 | (1.2–3.0) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.5) | 0.03 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 1.6 | (0.8–3.4) | 2.0 | (1.0–4.1) | 1.8 | (0.9–3.8) | 0.07 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 9.5 | (1.9–46.3) | 9.3 | (1.5–59.2) | 9.4 | (1.3–68.8) | 0.06 | ||
All analyses were adjusted for age and other potential risk factors. See text for details.