Sample description | Country of origin* | TSNAs,† ng/g | Total | |||||||||
NAB | NAT | NNK | NNN | NNAL | TSNAs | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | (ng/g) | ||
Special Gul Powder | B | 2370 | 20 | 4770 | 90 | 1370 | 50 | 8020 | 370 | 590 | 40 | 17100 |
Eagle Gul Powder | B | 1980 | 30 | 4240 | 80 | 1330 | 20 | 5190 | 410 | 630 | 80 | 13400 |
Sada Pata Tobacco Leaf | B | 68.9 | 10.4 | 294 | 25 | 21.7 | 4.1 | 165 | 15 | 24.5 | 7.6 | 574 |
Hakim Pury Zarda | B | 6030 | 190 | 11800 | 500 | 3840 | 250 | 28600 | 1600 | 3460 | 310 | 53700 |
F. Rahman & Co Zarda | B | 1020 | 5 | 3110 | 60 | 457 | 4 | 4280 | 120 | 248 | 13 | 9120 |
Baba Zarda 120 | I | 210 | 11 | 1150 | 50 | 829 | 29 | 2910 | 120 | 390 | 30 | 5490 |
Super Raja Khaini | I | 2580 | 70 | 2220 | 30 | 502 | 23 | 16800 | 400 | 1440 | 30 | 23500 |
Spitt Raja Chap Khaini | I | 2190 | 120 | 303 | 10 | 288 | 30 | 17500 | 700 | 1350 | 50 | 21600 |
Gutkha product 1 (handmade)‡ | I | 1600 | 450 | 2310 | 600 | 375 | 84 | 18600 | 4800 | 1030 | 290 | 23900 |
Gutkha product 2 (handmade) | I | 10.0 | 1.8 | 51.8 | 7.8 | 20.2 | 5.3 | 154 | 28 | 27.7 | 4.8 | 264 |
Gutkha product 3 (handmade) | I | 13.9 | 0.6 | 41.5 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 192 | 3 | 23.4 | 1.4 | 278 |
Gutkha product 4 (handmade) | I | 9.64 | 0.94 | 125 | 2 | 20.4 | 0.8 | 208 | 17 | 10.8 | 0.9 | 374 |
Gutkha product 5 (handmade) | I | 184 | 12 | 284 | 10 | 47.3 | 2.4 | 1610 | 30 | 57.9 | 2.2 | 2180 |
Gutkha product 7 (handmade) | I | 28.6 | 1.1 | 85.4 | 7.8 | 46.2 | 5.3 | 292 | 23 | 13.5 | 0.9 | 466 |
Rajdarbar Gutkha | I | 11.3 | 3.3 | 111 | 19 | 57.1 | 9.3 | 167 | 24 | 23.2 | 2.7 | 370 |
Shikhar Gutkha | I | 6.2 | 0.69 | 110 | 14 | 58 | 6.5 | 177 | 28 | 36.2 | 4.4 | 387 |
Sitar Gutkha | I | 85.3 | 8.9 | 282 | 15 | 241 | 29 | 1080 | 80 | 77.2 | 6.6 | 1770 |
Bahar Gutkha | I | 16.2 | 4.6 | 100 | 25 | 68.7 | 20.4 | 206 | 50 | 29.6 | 6.2 | 420 |
Dhamaal Gutkha-Saffron | I | 133 | 30 | 126 | 31 | 456 | 121 | 1280 | 280 | 258 | 77 | 2250 |
RMD Gutkha | I | 52.9 | 7.5 | 118 | 26 | 236 | 42 | 587 | 96 | 103 | 15 | 1100 |
Gutkha (handmade; Karachi)§ | P | 5.44 | 0.64 | 14.4 | 1.1 | 11.6 | 1.1 | 45.4 | 4.9 | 7.02 | 1.52 | 83.9 |
City Gutkha-Saffron | P | 12.8 | 0.6 | 76.9 | 6.7 | 64.5 | 2.3 | 174 | 10 | 37.3 | 3.2 | 366 |
JM Gutkha Extra Strong | P | 91.4 | 13.2 | 290 | 29 | 208 | 12 | 913 | 39 | 53.5 | 10.6 | 1560 |
Mawa | P | 5.49 | 0.23 | 16.2 | 2 | 4.47 | 1.4 | 65.5 | 4.2 | 3.98 | 0.24 | 95.6 |
Mainpuri | P | 17.3 | 1.8 | 63.5 | 3 | 6.05 | 1.26 | 106 | 3 | 25.9 | 2 | 219 |
Naswar, sample 1 | P | 19.8 | 0.6 | 56.9 | 1 | 29.4 | 3.4 | 363 | 16 | 8.56 | 1.48 | 478 |
Naswar, sample 2 | P | 85.3 | 8.9 | 342 | 13 | 309 | 12 | 545 | 14 | 104 | 1 | 1380 |
Toombak, sample 1 (black) | S | 119000 | 400 | 17100 | 200 | 149000 | 3000 | 119000 | 300 | 5790 | 4950 | 302000 |
Toombak, sample 2 (black) | S | 302000 | 200 | 17200 | 1300 | 152000 | 8000 | 119000 | 7000 | 4550 | 230 | 305000 |
Toombak, sample 5 (brown) | S | 41500 | 800 | 59600 | 4900 | 516000 | 53000 | 368000 | 3000 | 6770 | 360 | 992000 |
Toombak sample 7 (black) | S | 11100 | 200 | 16600 | 300 | 147000 | 6000 | 115000 | 2000 | 5470 | 3590 | 295000 |
Nigerian Snuff (traditional) | N | 50.2 | 4.2 | 444 | 20 | 285 | 3 | 711 | 19 | 29.5 | 6.3 | 1520 |
Joseph & H. Wilson 99 Snuff | N | 51.9 | 2.0 | 418 | 50 | 365 | 54 | 1460 | 180 | 125 | 16 | 2420 |
NTSU Ugway Snuff | SA | 29.4 | 12.9 | 653 | 21 | 130 | 6 | 892 | 94 | 3.58 | 2.35 | 1710 |
South African Snuff (traditional) | SA | 629 | 7 | 12600 | 30 | 1610 | 78 | 5570 | 150 | 71.8 | 6.8 | 20500 |
Singleton's Super Menthol Snuff | SA | 58.0 | 12.4 | 696 | 80 | 347 | 69 | 1590 | 250 | 40.1 | 19.2 | 2730 |
Super Taxi Snuff | SA | 175 | 14 | 565 | 49 | 242 | 77 | 3400 | 60 | 287 | 27 | 4670 |
Peter Stuyvesant Menthol Snus | SA | 65.4 | 8.8 | 827 | 33 | 275 | 37 | 1290 | 40 | 30.4 | 13.0 | 2490 |
Peter Stuyvesant Blue Snus | SA | 41.9 | 0.8 | 521 | 26 | 202 | 48 | 925 | 61 | 30.1 | 7.5 | 1720 |
Svenskt Tobacco-rette Snus | SA | 114 | 4.0 | 1360 | 10 | 1340 | 20 | 2950 | 110 | 84.2 | 0.4 | 5850 |
Lucky Strike Original Red Snus | SA | 73.0 | 11.2 | 632 | 135 | 171 | 35 | 1190 | 260 | 18.6 | 8.7 | 2080 |
Lucky Strike Menthol Snus | SA | 86.4 | 7.9 | 881 | 76 | 267 | 31 | 1440 | 40 | 29.4 | 8.7 | 2700 |
General Original Snus | SW | 20.8 | 0.4 | 248 | 14 | 96.4 | 4.2 | 345 | 32 | 12.5 | 0.7 | 723 |
General Loose Snus | SW | 17.7 | 1.1 | 224 | 13 | 105 | 4 | 293 | 12 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 652 |
General White Wintergreen Snus | SW | 17.1 | 1.8 | 214 | 24 | 89.8 | 9.5 | 267 | 23 | 12.8 | 1.3 | 601 |
General White Portion Snus | SW | 17.5 | 1.5 | 225 | 10 | 96.8 | 4.6 | 296 | 22 | 13.1 | 2.8 | 648 |
Catch Peppermint Snus | SW | 13.4 | 1.4 | 229 | 18 | 84.5 | 8.2 | 295 | 23 | 8.57 | 0.77 | 630 |
Nasway | UZ | 71.4 | 7.2 | 297 | 39 | 88.3 | 8.6 | 628 | 43 | 10.5 | 2.1 | 1100 |
Vencedor Chimó | V | 57.3 | 2.8 | 602 | 16 | 902 | 65 | 3310 | 210 | 290 | 66 | 5160 |
Fabrica De Chimó | V | 173 | 11 | 668 | 56 | 2600 | 100 | 4620 | 240 | 1330 | 110 | 5880 |
El Tigirito Chimó | V | 103 | 2 | 965 | 96 | 1760 | 160 | 2620 | 92 | 431 | 37 | 954 |
El Tabacote Chimó | V | 21.7 | 2.4 | 224 | 30 | 532 | 46 | 329 | 30 | 53.3 | 12.4 | 1160 |
Chimó La Chinata CA | V | 19.1 | 5.9 | 292 | 49 | 310 | 131 | 318 | 87 | 14.9 | 5.6 | 9390 |
All TSNA measurements were made in triplicate and presented as ng/g wet weight. TSNA values were produced from measurements of three separate samples of tobacco (n=3) unless otherwise noted.
↵* Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines measured in the study include N‘-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), N‘-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N‘-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and 4-(methylnitrsoamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL).
↵† Countries are identified as B=Bangladesh, I=India, P=Pakistan, S=Sudan, N=Nigeria, SA=South Africa, SW=Sweden, UZ=Uzbekistan, and V=Venezuela.
↵‡ Handmade gutkha products bought from street vendors in Secunderabad, India.
↵§ Handmade gutkha products bought from street vendors in Karachi, Pakistan.