Adjusted relative risk* (95% CI) of death from all causes, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and other smoking-related cancer, by smoking category, with sustained never smokers as reference†
| Deaths from | ‘Sustainers’ | ‘Switchers’ | |||||
| Never smoked | Pipe only | Cigarettes only | Mixed | Pipe only → cigarettes only or mixed | Cigarettes only →pipe only | Mixed →pipe only | |
| Men (n=16 932 aged 20–49 years) | |||||||
| All causes | 1.00 | 1.99 (1.73 to 2.27) | 2.44 (2.27 to 2.62) | 2.11 (1.69 to 2.62) | 1.96 (1.50 to 2.56) | 2.02 (1.39 to 2.94) | 1.94 (1.36 to 2.76) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.00 | 3.07 (2.35 to 4.00) | 3.17 (2.69 to 3.73) | 2.18 (1.34 to 3.55) | 2.79 (1.64 to 4.73) | 2.96 (1.45 to 6.02) | 0.92 (0.29 to 2.87) |
| Stroke | 1.00 | 1.54 (0.84 to 2.82) | 2.30 (1.71 to 3.11) | 1.66 (0.60 to 4.58) | 2.83 (1.13 to 7.09) | 3.57 (1.12 to 11.40) | 3.98 (1.44 to 11.01) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.00 | 2.49 (1.99 to 3.10) | 2.81 (2.48 to 3.20) | 2.29 (1.58 to 3.32) | 2.40 (1.55 to 3.70) | 2.90 (1.67 to 5.06) | 1.64 (0.85 to 3.19) |
| Lung cancer | 1.00 | 10.32 (5.55 to 19.18) | 16.78 (10.31 to 27.33) | 14.84 (6.94 to 31.76) | 8.05 (2.70 to 23.96) | 13.71 (4.02 to 46.86) | 10.77 (3.15 to 36.84) |
| Other smoking related cancer | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.99 to 2.18) | 1.95 (1.59 to 2.38) | 1.64 (0.86 to 3.12) | 1.63 (0.76 to 3.50) | 0.52 (0.07 to 3.70) | 2.91 (1.36 to 6.24) |
↵* Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index (kg/m2), height, disability pension, sickness leave and family history of coronary heart disease recorded at the last examination.
↵† Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes or treatment for hypertension, or symptoms of angina pectoris or atherosclerosis obliterans at the last examination.