Predicted change in the probability of smoking
| Single policy models—sex differences | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (p = 00.2312) | Women (p = 00.2267) | ||||
| Policy | Price | Policy | Price | ||
| Price of cigarettes | −0.0019 (−50.43) | −0.0012 (−20.50) | |||
| Earmarking of taxes | −0.0206 (−20.50) | −0.0017 (−50.94) | −0.0356 (−20.45) | −0.0008 (−20.56) | |
| Smoker protection laws | −0.0037 (−00.40) | −0.0019 (−50.68) | 0.0016 (00.16) | −0.0011 (−20.49) | |
| Clean indoor air index | −0.0078 (−30.37) | −0.0013 (−30.40) | −0.0014 (−00.52) | −0.0011 (−20.14) | |
| Youth access index | −0.0030 (−00.65) | −0.0018 (−40.93) | 0.000034 (00.01) | −0.0012 (−20.70) | |
| Average price elasticity | 0.928 | 0.595 | |||
| Single policy models—race differences | |||||
| Black (p = 0.0799) | White (p = 0.2557) | ||||
| Policy | Price | Policy | Price | ||
| Price of cigarettes | −0.0008 (−10.77) | −0.0014 (−40.37) | |||
| Earmarking of taxes | 0.0047 (00.32) | −0.0008 (−10.61) | −0.0259 (−20.02) | −0.0012 (−40.78) | |
| Smoker protection laws | 0.0146 (10.80) | −0.0007 (−20.01) | −0.0091 (−10.03) | −0.0015 (−40.27) | |
| Clean indoor air index | −0.0013 (−00.39) | −0.0007 (−10.45) | −0.0043 (−10.79) | −0.0011 (−30.02) | |
| Youth access index | −0.0066 (−10.70) | −0.0006 (−10.57) | 0.0014 (00.33) | −0.0014 (−40.20) | |
| Average price elasticity | 10.108 | 0.639 | |||
| Single policy models—men only | |||||
| Black (p = 0.0911) | White (p = 0.2530) | ||||
| Policy | Price | Policy | Price | ||
| Price of cigarettes | −0.0013 (−20.82) | −0.0019 (−50.45) | |||
| Earmarking of taxes | 0.0146 (00.86) | −0.0014 (−20.56) | −0.0199 (−10.57) | −0.0017 (−50.52) | |
| Smoker protection laws | 0.0194 (10.95) | −0.0011 (−30.28) | −0.0098 (−00.98) | −0.0020 (−50.53) | |
| Clean indoor air index | −0.0010 (−00.28) | −0.0012 (−20.05) | −0.0087 (−20.94) | −0.0013 (−30.09) | |
| Youth access index | −0.0075 (−10.39) | −0.0011 (−20.54) | 0.0012 (00.24) | −0.0019 (−40.78) | |
| Average price elasticity | 10.646 | 0.861 | |||
| Single policy models—women only | |||||
| Black (p = 0.0706) | White (p = 0.2584) | ||||
| Policy | Price | Policy | Price | ||
| Price of cigarettes | −0.0003 (−00.70) | −0.0010 (−20.41) | |||
| Earmarking of taxes | −0.0024 (−00.17) | −0.0003 (−20.56) | −0.0317 (−20.03) | −0.0007 (−20.25) | |
| Smoker protection laws | 0.0104 (10.21) | −0.0003 (−00.64) | −0.0081 (−00.81) | −0.0010 (−20.33) | |
| Clean indoor air index | −0.0015 (−00.39) | −0.0002 (−00.52) | 0.0001 (00.04) | −0.0010 (−20.12) | |
| Youth access index | −0.0054 (−10.48) | −0.0002 (−00.50) | −0.0001 (−00.35) | −0.0010 (−20.41) | |
| Average price elasticity | 0.4528 | 0.4507 | |||
z-Scores are in parentheses. Each row represents a different specification which, in addition to price and the tobacco-related policy noted in the row, includes an intercept, indicators of race, age, religiosity, rural residence, family structure, parental education, maternal work status, grade, year, average hours worked, and real income. Standard errors were adjusted for clustering at the state level.