Comparison of hardcore and non-hardcore smokers in Missouri
Hardcore smokers (%) | Non-hardcore smokers (%) | p Value | |
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | |||
26–44 | 31.0 | 52.5 | <0.001 |
45–64 | 49.3 | 40.2 | |
65+ | 19.7 | 7.3 | |
Gender | |||
Male | 58.2 | 48.8 | <0.001 |
Female | 41.8 | 51.2 | |
Race | |||
African American/black | 4.0 | 13.0 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 0.6 | 1.8 | |
Non-Hispanic white | 92.8 | 82.4 | |
Other | 2.6 | 2.9 | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 51.9 | 53.7 | <0.001 |
Divorced | 18.4 | 17.3 | |
Widowed | 9.6 | 5.3 | |
Never married | 12.3 | 13.2 | |
Other | 7.9 | 10.6 | |
Education level | |||
Less than high school | 20.3 | 13.8 | <0.001 |
High school graduate or GED | 45.9 | 39.0 | |
Some college | 23.4 | 30.1 | |
College graduate | 10.4 | 17.2 | |
Health insurance | |||
Yes | 71.4 | 77.1 | 0.009 |
No | 28.6 | 22.9 | |
Annual household income | |||
<$15 000 | 20.1 | 14.3 | <0.001 |
$15 000–$24 999 | 20.3 | 19.8 | |
$25 000–$39 999 | 22.0 | 13.8 | |
$40 000–$49 999 | 16.7 | 19.7 | |
$50 000–$74 999 | 9.9 | 17.0 | |
$75 000+ | 10.9 | 15.4 | |
Employment status | |||
Employed | 43.6 | 56.3 | <0.001 |
Out of work/unable to work | 20.3 | 19.4 | |
Retired | 20.5 | 8.9 | |
Self-employed/home maker/student | 15.6 | 15.4 | |
Rurality | |||
Urban | 62.2 | 70.7 | <0.001 |
Large rural | 7.2 | 6.4 | |
Small rural | 21.1 | 16.4 | |
Isolated | 9.5 | 6.4 | |
Smoking characteristics, environment, health beliefs and health status | |||
Smoking initiation | |||
Age when first whole cigarette (mean (SD)) | 14.6 (3.9) | 15.8 (4.4) | 0.006 |
Initiation age (mean (SD)) | 16.5 (3.9) | 18.5 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Quitting self-efficacy | |||
Very likely | 28.8 | 38.2 | <0.001 |
Somewhat likely | 11.9 | 43.5 | |
Somewhat unlikely | 9.3 | 11.4 | |
Very unlikely | 49.9 | 6.9 | |
Advice from health professionals on smoking | |||
Seen doctor/nurse/other health professional* | 65.0 | 68.7 | 0.034 |
Doctor/nurse/other health professional asked if smoked* † | 92.8 | 92.3 | 0.676 |
Doctor/nurse/other health professional advised to quit* † | 68.0 | 73.1 | 0.013 |
Dentist asked whether smoked* ‡ | 47.0 | 53.3 | 0.046 |
Dentist advised to quit* ‡ | 48.8 | 63.2 | <0.001 |
Cessation services | |||
Awareness of available cessation assistance (eg, quitlines, health clinics, etc) | 82.9 | 75.7 | <0.001 |
Employer offered cessation programmes/help for employees* | 16.4 | 29.8 | <0.001 |
Perceived health status | |||
Excellent | 15.0 | 9.3 | <0.001 |
Very good | 21.1 | 30.4 | |
Good | 33.4 | 37.0 | |
Fair | 19.8 | 15.1 | |
Poor | 10.6 | 8.2 | |
Health limitations | |||
Limited in any way due to physical, mental or emotional problems | 31.7 | 27.4 | 0.009 |
Attitudes about second-hand smoke | |||
Agree: ‘Breathing smoke from other people’s cigarettes is harmful to one's health.' | 44.8 | 79.5 | <0.001 |
Agree: ‘If a person has smoked a pack of cigarettes per day for more than 20 years there is not much health benefit to quitting.’ | 34.3 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
Lives with someone who smokes cigarettes | 63.9 | 54.5 | <0.001 |
Smoking not allowed in the home | 12.0 | 36.5 | <0.001 |
Smoking not allowed in the car | 4.4 | 18.9 | <0.001 |
Protected from second-hand smoke at work among those who work indoors | 65.4 | 73.7 | 0.003 |
Exposed to second-hand smoke in the last week | |||
In own home | 55.2 | 39.9 | <0.001 |
In a car | 71.6 | 62.3 | <0.001 |
At work (those who work indoors) | 23.2 | 19.1 | 0.104 |
Believes that second-hand smoke is a cause of: | |||
Heart disease in adults | 34.9 | 47.2 | <0.001 |
Respiratory problems in children | 72.5 | 87.8 | <0.001 |
Sudden infant death syndrome | 10.9 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
Believes that smoking cigarettes is a cause of: | |||
Heart attack | 57.5 | 69.8 | <0.001 |
Stroke | 44.4 | 64.6 | <0.001 |
Low birth weight | 53.2 | 79.5 | <0.001 |
Impotence | 18.5 | 37.1 | <0.001 |