PR (95% CI) | PD (95% CI) | |||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3† | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3† | |
Gender | ||||||||
Men | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Women | 4.85 (4.02 to 5.86)* | 5.13 (4.19 to 6.29)* | 5.35 (4.34 to 6.60)* | 6.02 (4.39 to 8.24)* | 45.4 (38.1 to 52.7)* | 45.5 (38.0 to 52.9)* | 44.8 (37.4 to 52.3)* | 49.2 (37.4 to 61.0)* |
Age (per 10 years) | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.68) | 0.95 (0.61 to 1.46) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.51) | −2.9 (−10.8 to 5.0) | −2.2 (−11.5 to 7.0) | −3.8 (−26.7 to 19.2) | ||
Age squared | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5) | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (−1.3 to 3.1) | ||
Education | ||||||||
Elementary or less | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
Middle | 1.34 (0.84 to 2.13) | 1.29 (0.80 to 2.07) | 1.24 (0.66 to 2.33) | 1.6 (−4.0 to 7.2) | 2.9 (−3.2 to 9.1) | 0.7 (−13.5 to 14.8) | ||
High | 1.92 (1.31 to 2.79)* | 1.85 (1.25 to 2.74)* | 1.25 (0.72 to 2.17) | 8.0 (2.2 to 13.8)* | 9.1 (2.7 to 15.4)* | −1.9 (−15.9 to 12.1) | ||
College or higher | 2.26 (1.50 to 3.41)* | 2.19 (1.43 to 3.36)* | 2.12 (1.18 to 3.79)* | 9.7 (3.2 to 16.2)* | 10.6 (3.5 to 17.8)* | 11.6 (−5.8 to 29.0) | ||
Occupation | ||||||||
Non-manual | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
Manual | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.31) | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.31) | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) | −0.3 (−5.0 to 4.5) | −0.7 (−5.6 to 4.2) | −2.6 (−15.7 to 10.5) | ||
Others | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.35) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.32) | 0.71 (0.47 to 1.09) | −0.8 (−7.1 to 5.5) | −0.5 (−6.9 to 6.0) | −11.5 (−25.9 to 2.9) | ||
Current marital status | ||||||||
No spouse | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Married with cohabiting | 1.45 (1.11 to 1.88)* | 1.57 (1.05 to 2.36)* | 1.7 (−2.7 to 6.0) | 6.1 (−5.4 to 17.6) | ||||
Cohabiting with parents | ||||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Yes | 1.37 (1.07 to 1.76)* | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.86) | 1.1 (−3.4 to 5.6) | 5.8 (−9.3 to 20.8) | ||||
Residential area | ||||||||
Seoul | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Other cities | 1.23 (0.95 to 1.61) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.34) | 3.0 (−1.2 to 7.2) | −1.8 (−12.8 to 9.1) | ||||
Rural area | 1.29 (0.91 to 1.83) | 0.83 (0.50 to 1.39) | 3.4 (−2.2 to 9.0) | −8.1 (−21.9 to 5.6) | ||||
Secondhand exposure | ||||||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||||||
<1 h/day | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.08) | −3.1 (−7.4 to 1.2) | ||||||
≥1 h/day | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | 0.5 (−3.9 to 4.9) | ||||||
Unknown | 0.72 (0.39 to 1.34) | −1.4 (−11.5 to 8.7) |
Model 1: adjusted for gender; model 2: adjusted for gender, age, age square, education level, occupation and income; model 3: adjusted for gender, age, age square, education level, occupation, income, marital status, cohabitation with parents, residential area and exposure to secondhand smoke.
*p<0.05.
↵† The values calculated among subjects without SHS.