Table 3

Results predicting change in number of cigarettes smoked daily from Wave 1 to Wave 2

Variable	β	SE	p
Unadjusted results
Intercept	−1.96	0.20	<0.001
Per cent change in price per pack	−0.02	0.02	0.343
Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1*	−0.37	0.02	<0.001
Per cent change in price per pack×Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1* (interaction term)	−0.004	0.002	0.037
Adjusted results
Intercept	−0.62	0.52	0.230
Per cent change in price per pack	−0.01	0.02	0.512
Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1*	−0.42	0.03	<0.001
Per cent change in price per pack×Number of cigarettes smoked at Wave 1* (interaction term)	−0.004	0.002	0.044
Change in smoke-free indoor air policy score	−0.21	0.16	0.189
Gender (women vs men)	−1.50	0.32	<0.001
Age
18–29 years	Ref.
30–44 years	1.27	0.36	<0.001
45–64 years	1.34	0.42	0.002
≥65 years	−1.78	0.68	0.008
Race
Caucasian	Ref.
African American	−2.45	0.35	<0.001
Hispanic	−3.78	0.42	<0.001
Other	−1.29	0.73	0.078
Education
Less than high school diploma	−0.19	0.44	0.670
High school diploma	Ref.
More than high school diploma	−1.56	0.29	<0.001
Income
<$15000	0.33	0.44	0.464
$15000–39999	0.01	0.33	0.985
≥$40000	Ref.
Marital status
Not married	Ref.
Divorced/separated/widowed	0.69	0.44	0.121
Married/living together	−0.13	0.39	0.737
Current/recent pregnancy at Wave 2 (yes vs no)	−2.58	0.79	0.001
Presence of comorbidities† at Wave 1 (yes vs no)	0.05	0.45	0.908
Random effects	Variance	Z	P
Intercept (Level-2: state)	0.619	2.12	0.017
Number of cigarettes at Wave 1 slope	0.008	2.28	0.011
Level-1	90.791	58.99	<0.001

*Centred at the average of 16 cigarettes/day.
†Comorbidities include arteriosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, other heart disease, cirrhosis or other forms of liver disease.