Multilevel logistic regression analyses predicting retailer compliance with underage tobacco sales laws in mid-sized California cities
| Retailer non-compliance (0=no; 1=yes) | Requested ID (0=no; 1=yes) | |
|---|---|---|
| Predictors | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI |
| Community level (n=50) | ||
| Population density | 1.26 (0.87 to 1.83) | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) |
| Percentage of minors | 1.79 (1.01 to 2.93)* | 0.52 (0.33 to 0.83)* |
| Median household income | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.44) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.18) |
| Education | 1.60 (1.02 to 2.51)* | 0.51 (0.33 to 0.80)* |
| African–American | 1.41 (1.01 to 1.96)* | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.76)† |
| Hispanics | 0.54 (0.27 to 1.12) | 1.59 (0.91 to 2.81) |
| Prevalence of adult smokers | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.04) |
| Tobacco outlet density | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) |
| Local tobacco retailer licencing | 0.52 (.22 to 1.20) | 2.20 (1.02 to 4.76)* |
| Cigarette tax | 1.24 (0.93 to 1.66) | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.19) |
| Retail level (n=997) | ||
| Young buyer gender | 1.49 (0.78 to 2.83) | 0.59 (0.31 to 1.13) |
| Buyer actual age | 1.66 (1.17 to 2.38)* | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.91)* |
| Type of outlet (small market reference) | ||
| Convenience store | 0.85 (0.47 to 1.53) | 1.04 (0.58 to 1.83) |
| Smoke/tobacco shop | 1.75 (0.63 to 4.86) | 0.42 (0.16 to 1.11) |
| Supermarket | 0.94 (0.44 to 2.01) | 1.19 (0.44 to 3.30) |
| Drug/pharmacy store | 1.03 (0.41 to 2.58) | 1.39 (0.40 to 4.91) |
| Liquor store | 0.59 (0.27 to 1.29) | 1.42 (0.51 to 3.95) |
| Other | 0.34 (0.04 to 3.04) | 1.54 (0.17 to 13.84) |
| Female clerk | 0.60 (0.39 to 0.94)* | 1.62 (0.94 to 2.82) |
| Clerk estimated age | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) |
| Minimum age signs | 0.50 (0.24 to 1.05) | 2.49 (1.15 to 5.42)* |
| Number of customers in line behind buyers | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.24) | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.29) |
| Asked about age | 5.20 (3.27 to 8.28)† | 1.25 (0.74 to 2.13) |
*p≤0.05.
†p≤0.005.