Household characteristics | 1995–1996, N†=11 856 | 1998–1999, N=11 136 | 2001–2002, N=11 777 | 2003, N=11 586 | 2006–2007, N=11 466 | |||||
Complete ban (%) | Adjusted OR and 95% CI | Complete ban (%) | Adjusted OR and 95% CI | Complete ban (%) | Adjusted OR and 95% CI | Complete ban (%) | Adjusted OR and 95% CI | Complete ban (%) | Adjusted OR and 95% CI | |
Overall parental gender | 45.7 | Ref | 55.1 | 1.50 (1.40 to 1.61) | 62.1 | 2.05 (1.90 to 2.20) | 68.4 | 2.78 (2.57 to 3.00) | 74.6 | 4.00 (3.70 to 4.32) |
Male | 42.0 | Ref | 52.9 | Ref | 60.9 | Ref | 67.3 | Ref | 73.3 | Ref |
Female | 46.4 | 1.14 (0.99 to 1.32) | 55.6 | 1.16 (1.00 to 1.34) | 62.4 | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) | 68.6 | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | 74.8 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.19) |
Education level | ||||||||||
Less than high school | 43.1 | Ref | 49.1 | 1.00 | 57.0 | Ref | 61.0 | Ref | 67.3 | Ref |
High school graduate | 43.0 | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.37) | 53.4 | 1.37 (1.19 to 1.58) | 60.1 | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.41) | 67.2 | 1.62 (1.39 to 1.89) | 73.5 | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.66) |
College graduate | 66.2 | 2.31 (1.89 to 2.82) | 73.9 | 2.23 (1.80 to 2.76) | 79.4 | 2.27 (1.82 to 2.83) | 84.2 | 2.98 (2.33 to 3.80) | 87.9 | 2.15 (1.68 to 2.74) |
Age of youngest child | ||||||||||
<1 year | 50.5 | Ref | 60.6 | Ref | 68.8 | Ref | 74.5 | Ref | 76.6 | Ref |
1–5 years | 45.2 | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.92) | 54.2 | 0.68 (0.55 to 0.85) | 62.9 | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) | 69.1 | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.85) | 74.3 | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) |
6–12 years | 45.3 | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.98) | 55.5 | 0.65 (0.52 to 0.82) | 61.1 | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.69) | 68.0 | 0.55 (0.42 to 0.72) | 75.4 | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.92) |
13 years or greater | 45.4 | 0.69 (0.55 to 0.87) | 54.6 | 0.63 (0.49 to 0.80) | 60.6 | 0.49 (0.38 to 0.64) | 66.0 | 0.50 (0.37 to 0.66) | 72.9 | 0.60 (0.46 to 0.79) |
Household annual income | ||||||||||
<25 000 | 43.1 | Ref | 51.3 | Ref | 56.6 | Ref | 63.1 | Ref | 69.1 | Ref |
25 000–49 999 | 48.6 | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.26) | 59.1 | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.40) | 66.4 | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.61) | 70.7 | 1.31 (1.15 to 1.49) | 76.4 | 1.35 (1.17 to 1.55) |
50 000 or greater | 59.7 | 1.41 (1.14 to 1.74) | 64.6 | 1.40 (1.16 to 1.69) | 69.9 | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.73) | 78.4 | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.97) | 83.4 | 1.71 (1.43 to 2.05) |
Parental race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
NH white | 39.4 | Ref | 49.6 | Ref | 56.8 | Ref | 62.9 | Ref | 69.9 | Ref |
NH African–American | 46.3 | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.14) | 55.3 | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.09) | 62.4 | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.03) | 67.3 | 0.86 (0.75 to 0.99) | 73.5 | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86) |
Hispanic | 65.0 | 2.49 (2.11 to 2.94) | 73.1 | 2.57 (2.14 to 3.08) | 79.7 | 2.51 (2.08 to 3.04) | 84.6 | 2.59 (2.12 to 3.18) | 88.2 | 2.32 (1.88 to 2.86) |
Other | 58.5 | 1.89 (1.43 to 2.50) | 63.5 | 1.73 (1.24 to 2.41) | 68.6 | 1.48 (1.10 to 1.99) | 73.2 | 1.53 (1.16 to 2.03) | 79.0 | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.73) |
Parental smoking status | ||||||||||
Never-smoker | 67.0 | Ref | 75.1 | Ref | 80.2 | Ref | 84.8 | Ref | 89.4 | Ref |
Former smoker | 55.3 | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.72) | 66.9 | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78) | 74.3 | 0.72 (0.62 to 0.84) | 77.8 | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.74) | 83.6 | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.72) |
Current smoker | 12.5 | 0.08 (0.07 to 0.09) | 18.1 | 0.08 (0.07 to 0.09) | 25.4 | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.10) | 32.4 | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.11) | 39.5 | 0.08 (0.07 to 0.09) |
Parental age, years | ||||||||||
18–29 | 45.4 | Ref | 53.7 | Ref | 61.7 | Ref | 66.8 | Ref | 73.3 | Ref |
30–39 | 42.6 | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.13) | 53.3 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) | 61.9 | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.35) | 69.0 | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.28) | 75.5 | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.18) |
40–49 | 50.0 | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.35) | 57.5 | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.46) | 62.1 | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.27) | 68.5 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) | 74.8 | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.12) |
50 or greater | 47.3 | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.13) | 58.2 | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.28) | 63.9 | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.17) | 69.6 | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 74.3 | 0.76 (0.86 to 1.19) |