Table 1

Nicotine reported in refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emission of e-cigarette products

Literature	Matrix	Units	Nicotine level	Deviation from label*
Goniewicz et al4	Refill solution	mg	0±0.0 to 25±1.1	–75 to 28%
	Cartridge	mg	0±0.0 to 19±0.5	–89 to 25%
	Aerosol	mg/150 puffs	0.3±0.2 to 8.7±1.0	N.A.
Etter et al13	Refill solution	mg/mL	N.D. to 29.0	–15 to 21%†
Kirschner et al16	Refill solution	mg/mL	14.8±0.2 to 87.2±2.7	–50 to 40%†
Cameron et al15	Refill solution	mg/mL	8.5±0.16 to 22.2±0.62	–66 to 42%†
Pellegrino et al6	Cartridge	% W/W	<0.001 to 0.25	N.A.
Pellegrino et al6	Aerosol	mg/m³	<0.01 to 6.21	N.A.
McAuley et al11	Indoor air	ng/L	538 to 8770	N.A.
Cheah et al17	Cartridge	mg/cartridge	0.00 to 15.3	–89 to 105%†
Trehy et al7	Refill solutions	mg/mL	0 to 25.6	–100 to 100%†
	Cartridge	mg/cartridge	0 to 21.8	–100 to 100%†
	Aerosol	μg/100 mL puff	0 to 43.2	N.A.
Cobb et al8	Cartridge	mg/cartridge	3.23±0.5 to 4.07±0.54	–80 to –77%†
Cobb et al8	Aerosol	μg/35 mL puff	0.3 for puffs 11 to 50 to 1.0 for puffs 1 to 10	N.A.
Westenberger9	Cartridge	mg/cartridge	0.00 to 6.76	N.A.
Westenberger9	Aerosol	μg/100 mL puff	0.35 to 43.2	N.A.
Westenberger10	Refill solution	μg/mL	N.D. to 25.6	N.A.