Table 4

Bivariate and multivariable models: Relationship of advertising/promotions exposure type to smoking initiation susceptibility among boys who have never smoked (n=3638)*

Outcome: smoking initiation susceptibility
Exposure 1: seeing actors smoking on TV/movies OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 2: owning an object with a cigarette logo OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 3: seeing an advertisement on a televised sporting or cultural event OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 4: seeing an advertisement on a billboard OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 5: seeing an advertisement in a magazine OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 6: seeing an advertisement at a live sporting or cultural event OR/AOR (95% CI)Exposure 7: offered a free cigarette by tobacco company rep. OR/AOR (95% CI)
Model 1: crude
 IV1.32 (0.91 to 1.91)1.68 (1.18 to 2.39)1.48 (1.28 to 1.72)1.23 (0.94 to 1.59)1.52 (1.14 to 2.03)1.41 (1.15 to 1.74)1.24 (0.73 to 2.12)
Model 2: controls–––
 IV1.77 (1.27 to 2.47)1.48 (1.28 to 1.70)1.55 (1.17 to 2.05)1.38 (1.14 to 1.67)
 Year†
  2005Ref.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  20071.30 (1.01 to 1.68)1.23 (0.96 to 1.58)1.25 (0.97 to 1.62)1.23 (0.96 to 1.58)
 Age1.08 (0.98 to 1.20)1.06 (0.96 to 1.18)1.08 (0.98 to 1.19)1.23 (0.96 to 1.58)
 Grade
  LowestRef.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  Middle0.94 (0.70 to 1.26)0.95 (0.71 to 1.26)0.95 (0.72 to 1.26)0.94 (0.70 to 1.25)
  Highest1.36 (1.00 to 1.86)1.43 (1.05 to 1.96)1.39 (1.02 to 1.90)1.39 (1.02 to 1.90)
Model 3: parents smoke–––
 IV1.82 (1.30 to 2.56)1.47 (1.27 to 1.69)1.56 (1.18 to 2.07)1.40 (1.15 to 1.70)
 Year
  2005Ref.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  20071.32 (1.02 to 1.71)1.24 (0.96 to 1.60)1.26 (0.98 to 1.64)1.24 (0.97 to 1.59)
 Age1.08 (0.97 to 1.20)1.06 (0.95 to 1.18)1.08 (0.97 to 1.19)1.06 (0.95 to 1.18)
 Grade
  LowestRef.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  Middle0.95 (0.71 to 1.26)0.96 (0.72 to 1.27)0.96 (0.73 to 1.27)0.95 (0.71 to 1.26)
  Highest1.42 (1.04 to 1.94)1.48 (1.09 to 2.03)1.45 (1.06 to 1.98)1.45 (1.06 to 1.98)
 Parents smoke1.35 (1.11 to 1.64)1.30 (1.08 to 1.57)1.33 (1.11 to 1.61)1.34 (1.10 to 1.62)
Model 4: friends smoke–––
 IV1.78 (1.28 to 2.47)1.39 (1.20 to 1.60)1.51 (1.12 to 20.3)1.32 (1.09 to 1.59)
 Year
  2005Ref.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  20071.17 (0.90 to 1.53)1.11 (0.85 to 1.45)1.12 (0.86 to 1.47)1.11 (0.85 to 1.44)
 Age1.06 (0.95 to 1.18)1.04 (0.93 to 1.16)1.05 (0.95 to 1.17)1.04 (0.93 to 1.16)
 Grade
  LowestRef.Ref.Ref.Ref.
  Middle0.94 (0.70 to 1.27)0.95 (0.71 to 1.28)0.96 (0.72 to 1.28)0.95 (0.71 to 1.27)
  Highest1.36 (1.00 to 1.85)1.42 (1.04 to 1.94)1.39 (1.02 to 1.90)1.39 (1.02 to 1.90)
 Parents smoke1.27 (1.03 to 1.56)1.22 (1.01 to 1.49)1.25 (1.03 to 1.53)1.25 (1.02 to 1.53)
 Friends smoke2.15 (1.70 to 2.71)2.11 (1.68 to 2.66)2.13 (1.68 to 2.69)2.12 (1.67 to 2.68)

  • *In models not presented, we tested whether associations between promotions/advertising types were differentially associated with smoking initiation susceptibility according to country of residence by including interactions between promotions/advertising types and countries. None of these interactions were statistically significant (p>0.10). We also tested whether associations between promotions/advertising types were differentially associated with smoking initiation susceptibility according to year of survey by including interactions between promotions/advertising types and year. None of these interactions were statistically significant (p>0.10).

  • †The year 2006 is not included because the only country that conducted the survey in 2006 (Morocco) does not have data available on susceptibility to smoking initiation.

  • IV, independent variable; Ref., reference.