Table 2

The Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11) and its variants

ItemResponse options and scoringLWDS-1183 factorLWDS-10J90 factorLWDS-1091 factor
1. Number of times you could stop waterpipe for >7 days?None (3)
Once (2)
Several
times (1)
It always happens (0)		Physiological nicotine dependencePhysical dependencePhysiological dependence
2. Percent of income you would spend on waterpipe smoking?1% or less of your monthly income (0)
2–10% of your monthly income (1)
11–50% of your monthly income (2)
More than 50% (3)		Physiological nicotine dependence*Physical dependencePhysiological dependence
3. Number of days you could spend without waterpipe?One day or less (3)
2–3 days (2)
4–7 days (1)
More than 7 days (0)		Physiological nicotine dependencePhysical dependencePhysiological dependence
4. Number of water pipes you usually smoke per week?<1 waterpipe/week (0)
1–2 waterpipes/week (1)
3–6 waterpipes/week (2)
7 or more waterpipes/week (3)		Physiological nicotine dependencePhysical dependencePhysiological dependence
5. Do you smoke waterpipe to relax your nerves?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Negative reinforcementRelaxation/pleasurePositive/negative reinforcement
6. Do you smoke waterpipe to improve your morale?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Negative reinforcementPsychosocialPositive/negative reinforcement
7. Do you smoke waterpipe when you are seriously ill?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Psychological cravingPhysical dependencePhysiological dependence
8. Do you smoke waterpipe alone?Yes, always (3)
Yes, most of the times (2)
Yes, sometimes (1)
No, never (0)		Psychological cravingPhysical dependencePhysiological dependence
9. Are you ready not to eat in exchange for a waterpipe?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Psychological craving††
10. Do you smoke waterpipe for pleasure?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Positive reinforcementRelaxation/pleasurePositive/negative reinforcement
11. Do you smoke to please others (conviviality)?Yes, absolutely (3)
Yes, probably (2)
Yes, maybe (1)
No (0)		Positive reinforcementPsychosocialPositive/negative reinforcement

  • *Income item was loaded on psychological craving in a study of university students.81

  • †Removed from LWDS-10J87 and LWDS-10.88