Probit estimates for prevalence of cigarette smoking (dependent variable 1 if cigarette smoker, 0 if non-smoker)
| Demographic | Socioeconomic status group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) All | (2) Low | (3) Medium | (4) High | |
| Cigarette price/pack (2009 Taka) | 0.00312 (0.73) | 0.000595 (0.07) | −0.000291 (−0.04) | 0.0103 (1.36) |
| Monthly household income (2009 Taka) | 0.00312 (0.73) | 0.000595 (0.07) | −0.000291 (−0.04) | 0.0103 (1.36) |
| Female | −1.719*** (−21.86) | −1.477*** (−12.13) | −1.822*** (−11.69) | −1.965*** (−12.92) |
| Age | −0.00863*** (−5.75) | −0.00852*** (−3.82) | −0.00783** (−2.80) | −0.0111*** (−3.58) |
| Married | 0.243*** (4.53) | 0.251** (2.93) | 0.413*** (4.21) | 0.155 (1.49) |
| Household size | 0.0502*** (3.55) | 0.0369 (1.57) | 0.0535* (1.96) | 0.0557* (2.15) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary (1–5 years) | 0.177*** (3.42) | 0.243*** (3.46) | 0.148 (1.60) | −0.211 (−1.38) |
| Secondary (6–8 years) | 0.207*** (3.37) | 0.214* (2.40) | 0.253* (2.23) | −0.138 (−0.86) |
| Secondary School Certificate (9–10 years) | 0.0968 (1.32) | 0.185 (1.47) | 0.258* (1.96) | −0.396* (−2.41) |
| Higher Secondary Certificate (11–12 years) | 0.259** (2.68) | 0.303 (1.23) | 0.648*** (3.38) | −0.283 (−1.62) |
| Bachelor's (14–16 years) | 0.368** (3.15) | 1.888*** (5.97) | 0.731** (2.64) | −0.164 (−0.92) |
| Master's (15–17 years) | 0.404* (2.25) | −0.119 (−0.18) | – | −0.0791 (−0.33) |
| Above Master's | −0.0255 (−0.05) | – | – | −0.932 (−1.83) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Tenant farmer | 0.144 (1.60) | 0.0244 (0.17) | 0.267 (1.67) | 0.426* (2.17) |
| Self-employed in non-farm agriculture | −0.221* (−2.07) | −0.165 (−1.14) | −0.601** (−2.94) | 0.302 (0.90) |
| Self-employed in non-agricultural activity | 0.191 (1.91) | 0.367* (2.23) | 0.0903 (0.55) | 0.197 (0.95) |
| Farm wage labourer | 0.101 (1.20) | 0.0290 (0.24) | 0.107 (0.69) | 0.664** (3.09) |
| Non-farm agricultural wage labourer | −0.176 (−0.86) | −0.348 (−0.77) | −0.394 (−0.88) | 0.447 (1.35) |
| Non-agricultural wage labourer | 0.339** (3.08) | 0.385* (2.22) | 0.230 (1.18) | 0.699** (2.80) |
| Professional | −0.625*** (−4.91) | −0.924*** (−3.53) | −0.953** (−3.25) | −0.212 (−0.97) |
| Managerial/administrative/clerking | −0.111 (−1.10) | −0.281 (−1.69) | −0.210 (−1.13) | 0.237 (1.16) |
| Student | −1.054*** (−10.08) | −1.449*** (−7.33) | −1.383*** (−6.44) | −0.586** (−2.93) |
| Unemployed | 0.0884 (1.09) | 0.0471 (0.39) | −0.0234 (−0.16) | 0.445* (2.42) |
| Homemaker | −0.775*** (−6.31) | −0.702*** (−3.74) | −0.826*** (−3.91) | −0.914*** (−3.54) |
| Others | 0.196* (2.51) | 0.320** (2.67) | 0.161 (1.16) | 0.254 (1.52) |
| Indoor smoking restriction (1 yes, 0 no) | −0.109** (−2.83) | −0.0200 (−0.35) | −0.130 (−1.84) | −0.312*** (−3.68) |
| Workplace smoking restriction (1 yes, 0 no) | −0.000261 (−0.00) | 0.237 (1.72) | −0.0826 (−0.61) | −0.122 (−1.14) |
| Urban area of residence | 0.218*** (3.82) | 0.193* (2.06) | 0.188 (1.87) | 0.208 (1.70) |
| Wave 2 | −0.182*** (−5.14) | −0.302*** (−5.04) | −0.192** (−2.83) | 0.0600 (0.77) |
| Observations | 8507 | 3484 | 2540 | 2477 |
Coefficients are marginal effects. For dummy variables, the marginal effect refers to effect of discrete change in the dummy variable from 0 to 1. The z statistics of the coefficients are in parentheses. Omitted categories include male gender, illiterate, owner farmers (occupation), the time effect of wave 1 and rural area of residence.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.