Table 4

Random-effects estimation of price equation for premium and discount brand cigarettes in Canada and the USA, 2002–2005

	Canada		The USA
	Premium	Discount	Premium	Discount
Household income
▸ $10 000–$29 999	0.00264	0.0105	−0.00385	0.00378
	(0.70)	(1.51)	(−1.23)	(1.22)
▸ $30 000–$44 999	0.00351	0.0131	−0.00257	0.00706*
	(0.91)	(1.85)	(−0.79)	(1.98)
▸ $45 000–$59 999	0.00410	0.00662	0.000209	0.00471
	(1.02)	(0.80)	(0.06)	(1.19)
▸ $60 000–$74 999	0.00552	0.0124	0.00325	0.0109*
	(1.32)	(1.61)	(0.88)	(2.08)
▸ $75 000–$99 999	0.00712	0.00639	−0.00147	0.0108*
	(1.76)	(0.77)	(−0.39)	(2.02)
▸ $100 000–$149 999	0.00407	0.0172*	−0.000613	0.0128
	(0.89)	(2.01)	(−0.14)	(1.55)
▸ $150 000 and over	0.00291	0.0370**	0.00601	−0.0210
	(0.41)	(2.60)	(0.97)	(−1.33)
Highest level of education
▸ Completed high school	0.000208	0.00811	0.00487	−0.00337
	(0.08)	(1.73)	(1.81)	(−0.80)
▸ Technical, trade school, community college	0.000273	0.00798	0.00544*	−0.00273
▸ Technical, trade school, community college	(0.11)	(1.63)	(1.96)	(−0.66)
▸ Some university–no degree	0.00555	0.0128	0.00379	−0.000587
	(1.74)	(1.80)	(1.15)	(−0.11)
▸ Completed university degree	0.00551	0.0152**	0.00576	−0.00568
	(1.62)	(2.69)	(1.70)	(−0.93)
▸ Postgraduate degree	0.0109**	0.0179	0.0166***	0.000354
	(2.64)	(1.46)	(3.58)	(0.04)
Age	−0.000562***	−0.000347**	−0.000464***	−0.000360***
	(−9.38)	(−3.00)	(−8.27)	(−4.15)
Male	0.00279	−0.000860	0.000724	−0.00130
	(1.68)	(−0.28)	(0.46)	(−0.54)
White, English only	0.00808*	0.00898	−0.0185***	−0.0160***
	(2.30)	(0.98)	(−8.92)	(−4.17)
Married, cohabitating	−0.00408*	−0.00212	−0.00631***	−0.00119
	(−2.36)	(−0.65)	(−3.93)	(−0.48)
	Canada		The USA
	Premium	Discount	Premium	Discount
Received tobacco industry promotions	−0.00469**	−0.00425	−0.00668***	0.000586
	(−2.64)	(−1.89)	(−4.54)	(0.34)
Year 2003	0.00776***	−0.0000475	−0.0116***	−0.00705***
	(6.02)	(−0.02)	(−8.22)	(−4.60)
Year 2004	0.0222***	−0.0109***	−0.0142***	−0.00630**
	(13.14)	(−3.57)	(−8.99)	(−3.20)
Year 2005	0.0221***	−0.0142***	−0.00937***	0.000726
	(11.10)	(-4.27)	(−5.10)	(0.34)
Fixed effects for province (Canada)/region (USA) of residence
Prince Edward Island/Pennsylvania	−0.00745	0.00794	−0.0380***	0.00554
	(−0.79)	(0.63)	(−6.40)	(0.47)
Nova Scotia/North-east	−0.0275***	−0.0243**	−0.00195	0.0236
	(−4.07)	(−2.63)	(−0.31)	(1.83)
New Brunswick/Illinois	−0.0532***	−0.0466***	−0.0349***	−0.00497
	(−6.35)	(−4.80)	(−5.17)	(−0.37)
Quebec/Michigan	−0.0937***	−0.110***	−0.0182**	0.0398**
	(−17.32)	(−13.79)	(−2.73)	(3.01)
Ontario/Ohio	−0.0876***	−0.0936***	−0.0580***	−0.0220*
	(−16.54)	(−11.70)	(−9.72)	(−1.97)
Manitoba/Mid-west	0.00381	0.0188	−0.0650***	−0.0243*
	(0.59)	(1.76)	(−11.80)	(−2.30)
Saskatchewan/Florida	0.00780	−0.00578	−0.0726***	−0.0418***
	(0.97)	(−0.51)	(−12.53)	(−3.84)
Alberta/Texas	−0.00950	−0.0247**	−0.0698***	−0.0366***
	(−1.66)	(−2.79)	(−11.73)	(−3.41)
British Columbia/South	−0.0143*	−0.00880	−0.0805***	−0.0405***
	(−2.49)	(−1.04)	(−14.80)	(−3.89)
/California			−0.0345***	−0.00171
			(−6.07)	(−0.16)
/West			−0.0451***	−0.00425
			(−7.65)	(−0.39)
Observations	4387	1575	4575	1730

The omitted categories include single non-white, non-English female smokers with highest level of education below high school, household income under $10 000, who did not receive any tobacco industry promotion in the year 2002, who resided in Newfoundland and Labrador in case of Canada and in New York region in case of the USA.
The estimated coefficients represent marginal effects for small change in continuous variables and for discrete change in categorical variables from 0 to 1 with reference to the omitted categories.
t statistics are reported in parentheses below the coefficient estimates.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.