Bivariate and multivariable models: relationship of advertising/promotions exposure to current smoking among boys (n=6301)*
| Outcome: current smoking | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure 1: actors smoking on TV/movies OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 2: owning an object with a cigarette logo OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 3: seeing an advertisement on a televised sporting or cultural event OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 4: seeing an advertisement on a billboard OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 5: seeing an advertisement in a magazine OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 6: seeing an advertisement at a live sporting or cultural event OR/AOR (95% CI) | Exposure 7: offered a free cigarette by tobacco company rep OR/AOR (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: crude | |||||||
| IV | 2.24 (1.47 to 3.44) | 1.97 (1.51 to 2.57) | 1.92 (1.51 to 2.42) | 1.76 (1.43 to 2.17) | 1.55 (1.22 to 1.98) | 1.53 (1.25 to 1.87) | 1.69 (1.08 to 2.65) |
| Model 2: controls | |||||||
| IV | 1.84 (1.16 to 2.92) | 2.21 (1.68 to 2.92) | 1.78 (1.41 to 2.26) | 1.71 (1.39 to 2.09) | 1.57 (1.24 to 2.00) | 1.42 (1.17 to 1.72) | 2.10 (1.35 to 3.24) |
| Year | |||||||
| 2005 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2006 | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.51) | 1.10 (0.77 to 1.59) | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.50) | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.50) | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.48) | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.53) | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.60) |
| 2007 | 2.22 (1.54 to 3.20) | 2.31 (1.62 to 3.29) | 2.11 (1.45 to 3.06) | 2.17 (1.50 to 3.13) | 2.18 (1.51 to 3.14) | 2.18 (1.51 to 3.16) | 2.39 (1.66 to 3.43) |
| Age | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50) | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.52) | 1.29 (1.12 to 1.50) | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.51) | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.50) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50) | 1.31 (1.14 to 1.51) |
| Grade | |||||||
| Lowest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Middle | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.65) | 1.14 (0.79 to 1.66) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.68) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.63) | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.67) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.67) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.67) |
| Highest | 1.47 (0.99 to 2.19) | 1.51 (1.02 to 2.22) | 1.55 (1.05 to 2.27) | 1.48 (1.10 to 2.16) | 1.54 (1.05 to 2.24) | 1.53 (1.04 to 2.25) | 1.51 (1.03 to 2.23) |
| Model 3: parents smoke | |||||||
| IV | 1.79 (1.11 to 2.87) | 2.24 (1.71 to 2.95) | 1.76 (1.39 to 2.23) | 1.68 (1.36 to 2.07) | 1.57 (1.24 to 1.99) | 1.42 (1.17 to 1.72) | 2.12 (1.36 to 3.29) |
| Year | |||||||
| 2005 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2006 | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.67) | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.65) | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.65) | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.62) | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.67) | 1.20 (0.81 to 1.77) |
| 2007 | 2.24 (1.56 to 3.22) | 2.34 (1.65 to 3.32) | 2.13 (1.48 to 3.08) | 2.19 (1.52 to 3.15) | 2.20 (1.53 to 3.15) | 2.20 (1.53 to 3.17) | 2.42 (1.69 to 3.46) |
| Age | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.49) | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.51) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.49) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.51) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.51) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.49) | 1.30 (1.13 to 1.50) |
| Grade | |||||||
| Lowest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Middle | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.64) | 1.13 (0.78 to 1.65) | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.67) | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.62) | 1.14 (0.79 to 1.66) | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.66) | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.66) |
| Highest | 1.51 (1.02 to 2.24) | 1.54 (1.05 to 2.26) | 1.58 (1.08 to 2.32) | 1.51 (1.03 to 2.21) | 1.57 (1.08 to 2.29) | 1.57 (1.07 to 2.30) | 1.55 (1.05 to 2.28) |
| Parents smoke | 1.54 (1.19 to 2.00) | 1.59 (1.23 to 2.05) | 1.53 (1.19 to 1.98) | 1.53 (1.19 to 1.98) | 1.56 (1.21 to 2.01) | 1.56 (1.21 to 2.01) | 1.57 (1.22 to 2.02) |
| Model 4: friends smoke | |||||||
| IV | 1.41 (0.90 to 2.20) | 1.95 (1.46 to 2.60) | 1.45 (1.13 to 1.87) | 1.46 (1.17 to 1.82) | 1.41 (1.11 to 1.79) | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.47) | 1.75 (1.12 to 2.72) |
| Year | |||||||
| 2005 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2006 | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.59) | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.63) | 1.10 (0.77 to 1.57) | 1.10 (0.77 to 1.56) | 1.09 (0.77 to 1.55) | 1.12 (0.79 to 1.59) | 1.14 (0.81 to 1.61) |
| 2007 | 1.61 (1.15 to 2.27) | 1.68 (1.21 to 2.33) | 1.57 (1.12 to 2.22) | 1.60 (1.14 to 2.25) | 1.60 (1.14 to 2.24) | 1.61 (1.15 to 2.26) | 1.69 (1.22 to 2.37) |
| Age | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.40) | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.42) | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.40) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.41) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.40) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.41) |
| Grade | |||||||
| Lowest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Middle | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.58) | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.57) | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.60) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.58) | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.59) | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.60) | 1.08 (0.73 to 1.59) |
| Highest | 1.31 (0.88 to 1.97) | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.95) | 1.34 (0.90 to 2.00) | 1.30 (0.87 to 1.93) | 1.34 (0.90 to 1.99) | 1.34 (0.90 to 1.99) | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.98) |
| Parents smoke | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.69) | 1.35 (1.05 to 1.73) | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.69) | 1.31 (1.01 to 1.68) | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.70) | 1.32 (1.04 to 1.69) | 1.34 (1.05 to 1.71) |
| Friends smoke | 7.41 (5.55 to 9.89) | 7.27 (5.47 to 9.67) | 7.22 (5.37 to 9.71) | 7.31 (5.44 to 9.81) | 7.36 (5.49 to 9.88) | 7.38 (5.48 to 9.94) | 7.33 (5.47 to 9.81) |
*In models not presented, we tested whether associations between promotions/advertising types and current smoking varied according to country of residence by including interactions between promotions/advertising types and countries. None of these interactions were statistically significant (p>0.10). We also tested whether associations between promotions/advertising types and current smoking varied according to year of survey by including interactions between promotions/advertising types and year. None of these interactions were statistically significant (p>0.10).
IV, independent variable; Ref., reference.