Attributed death and lifetime attributable risk of LCD and IHD death due to SHS exposure in Minnesota and US, 2004*
| Minnesota† | USA† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | Ischaemic heart disease | Lung cancer | Ischaemic heart disease | |
| Total burden (B), 2004, deaths/year‡ | 2352 | 4861 | 157908 | 450043 |
| Attributable burden due to smoking (ABsm), 2004, deaths/year‡ | 1838 | 776 | 125542 | 72715 |
| Population at risk, current non-smokers aged 35+ (Prisk), 2004‡ | Male: 1 026 443 | Male: 57 058 144 | ||
| Female: 1 140 400 | Female: 65 584 599 | |||
| Prevalence of current smoking (psm), 2004, %§ | Male: 22.0 (17.7, 26.3) | Male: 23.4 (21.6, 25.2) | ||
| Female: 19.5 (15.8, 23.2) | Female: 18.5 (17.1, 19.9) | |||
| Prevalence of SHS exposure (pSHS), 2003–2004, %¶ | Male: 48.8 (41.6, 55.9) | Male: 51.9 (44.3, 59.5) | ||
| Female: 46.6 (38.8, 54.4) | Female: 44.2 (36.8, 51.6) | |||
| Relative risk due to SHS exposure (RRSHS)** | 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) | 1.27 (1.17, 1.37) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) | 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) |
| Disease burden among non-smokers (Bns), 2004, deaths/year | 410 (380, 439) | 3235 (3019, 3450) | 25 794 (24 031, 27 557) | 298 365 (278 356, 318 373) |
| Overall death rate among non-smokers aged 35+, per 104 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 14.9 (13.5, 16.3) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | 24.3 (22.0, 26.6) |
| PAF of disease burden among non-smokers due to SHS exposure (PAFSHS), % | 9.5 (5.4, 13.6) | 11.4 (7.3, 15.5) | 9.5 (5.4, 13.6) | 11.4 (7.9, 15.0) |
| Attributable burden among non-smokers due to SHS exposure (ABSHS), deaths/year | 39 (26, 52) | 369 (273, 466) | 2412 (1630, 3195) | 34 143 (26 281, 42 004) |
| Annual attributable risk due to SHS exposure (AARSHS), 10−6 | 17.8 (9.5, 26.1) | 170.4 (107.3, 233.5) | 19.7 (10.8, 28.6) | 278.4 (187.4, 369.3) |
| Lifetime attributable risk due to SHS exposure for 45 years (LERSHS), 10−6 | 800 (430, 1180) | 7670 (4830, 10 510) | 890 (480, 1290) | 12 530 (8430, 16 620) |
| Percentage of SHS exposure in restaurants and bars of total SHS exposure in terms of time, %†† | Male: 8.5 | Male: 8.5 | ||
| Female: 9.1 | Female: 9.1 | |||
| Deaths attributed to SHS exposure in restaurants and bars, no./year | 3 (2.6, 4.3) | 32 (26, 38) | 214 (164, 263) | 3001 (2512, 3490) |
*Assessment of disease burden was conducted separately for male and female populations, but aggregated data are presented in this table to save space; Overall death rate among non-smokers aged 35+, PAFSHS, AARSHS and LERSHS were weighted estimates by population at risk of males and females.
†Except ‡ § ¶ ** ††, all the other numbers were estimated according to equation 3 or 4; the CIs were estimated by propagation of uncertainties of reported parameters.
‡Data obtained from the CDC Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs (SAMMEC) website.24
§Data obtained from CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).26
¶Data from CDC MMWR, which was defined as the percentage of non-smoking population with serum cotinine ≥ 0.05 ng/ml.27
**Relative risks due to SHS exposure from the meta-analysis in the Surgeon General's Report.28
††Data from the 1992 to 1994 National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) for the USA.29
AB, attributable burden; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; LCD, lung cancer death; LER, lifetime excess risk; PAF, population attributable fraction; RR, Relative risk; SHS, secondhand smoke.