Characteristics associated with bulk purchasing and tax avoidance
| Model 1 carton purchases versus non carton purchases (N=6206) | Model 2 multipack versus single pack purchases (N=4109) | Model 3 tax avoidance location versus other purchase location (N=6246) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Sex | ||||||
| Females vs males | 1.36 | (1.21 to 1.53) | 1.33 | (1.17 to 1.52) | 1.51 | (1.18 to 1.92) |
| Age | ||||||
| 25–39 vs 18–24 | 2.13 | (1.65 to 2.76) | 1.70 | (1.35 to 2.14) | 1.45 | (0.75 to 2.80) |
| 40–54 vs 18–24 | 3.85 | (3.00 to 4.95) | 2.11 | (1.68 to 2.63) | 2.38 | (1.27 to 4.45) |
| 55-max vs 18–24 | 7.59 | (5.86 to 9.84) | 2.44 | (1.89 to 3.15) | 2.97 | (1.55 to 5.66) |
| Race | ||||||
| Other vs white | 0.60 | (0.49 to 0.73) | 0.75 | (0.61 to 0.93) | 0.77 | (0.53 to 1.11) |
| Black vs white | 0.23 | (0.17 to 0.30) | 0.40 | (0.32 to 0.51) | 0.12 | (0.04 to 0.32) |
| Income† | ||||||
| Low vs high | 0.66 | (0.56 to 0.76) | 1.13 | (0.94 to 1.36) | 1.13 | (0.84 to 1.52) |
| Middle vs high | 0.79 | (0.69 to 0.91) | 1.20 | (1.01 to 1.43) | 0.95 | (0.71 to 1.28) |
| No answer vs high | 0.94 | (0.74 to 1.20) | 1.06 | (0.77 to 1.48) | 0.73 | (0.41 to 1.28) |
| Education‡ | ||||||
| Low vs high | 0.99 | (0.84 to 1.17) | 0.87 | (0.70 to 1.07) | 0.94 | (0.67 to 1.33) |
| Middle vs high | 0.97 | (0.85 to 1.11) | 1.02 | (0.88 to 1.19) | 0.71 | (0.54 to 0.93) |
| Nicotine dependence§ | ||||||
| ≥4 vs <4 | 1.45 | (1.32 to 1.60) | 2.06 | (1.74 to 2.44) | 1.44 | (1.19 to 1.75) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Daily vs non-daily | 2.76 | (2.16 to 3.52) | 2.19 | (1.71 to 2.81) | 1.63 | (0.85 to 3.14) |
| Brand value | ||||||
| Premium vs discount | 0.58 | (0.51 to 0.65) | 0.74 | (0.63 to 0.86) | 0.50 | (0.39 to 0.63) |
| Region | ||||||
| Midwest vs west | 0.93 | (0.77 to 1.11) | 1.40 | (1.15 to 1.71) | 0.29 | (0.20 to 0.42) |
| Northeast vs west | 0.73 | (0.60 to 0.88) | 0.95 | (0.77 to 1.18) | 1.93 | (1.46 to 2.55) |
| South vs west | 1.25 | (1.06 to 1.48) | 1.41 | (1.16 to 1.71) | 0.18 | (0.12 to 0.26) |
| Quit intentions | ||||||
| Beyond 6 months vs not quitting | 0.79 | (0.71 to 0.87) | 0.80 | (0.68 to 0.94) | 0.68 | (0.55 to 0.84) |
| 1–6 months vs not quitting | 0.57 | (0.50 to 0.64) | 0.69 | (0.58 to 0.82) | 0.69 | (0.54 to 0.90) |
| Within next month vs not quitting | 0.46 | (0.39 to 0.55) | 0.51 | (0.41 to 0.64) | 0.61 | (0.42 to 0.89) |
| Wave | ||||||
| Wave 1 vs 8 | 1.02 | (0.80 to 1.30) | 0.92 | (0.68 to 1.25) | 0.61 | (0.38 to 0.99) |
| Wave 2 vs 8 | 1.16 | (0.92 to 1.47) | 0.98 | (0.73 to 1.32) | 0.71 | (0.45 to 1.11) |
| Wave 3 vs 8 | 1.19 | (0.95 to 1.48) | 0.90 | (0.67 to 1.20) | 0.72 | (0.47 to 1.11) |
| Wave 4 vs 8 | 1.25 | (1.01 to 1.54) | 0.91 | (0.68 to 1.21) | 0.61 | (0.40 to 0.92) |
| Wave 5 vs 8 | 1.18 | (0.97 to 1.44) | 1.17 | (0.89 to 1.55) | 0.71 | (0.48 to 1.07) |
| Wave 6 vs 8 | 1.04 | (0.87 to 1.25) | 1.09 | (0.82 to 1.45) | 0.61 | (0.41 to 0.89) |
| Wave 7 vs 8 | 0.99 | (0.84 to 1.18) | 1.02 | (0.76 to 1.36) | 0.91 | (0.64 to 1.28) |
Models also adjusted for time-in-sample. Statistically significant ORs are in bold.
*p<0.05.
†Income defined as low ≤$29 999; medium=$30 000–$59 999, or high ≥$60 000.
‡Education defined as low: ≤ high school; moderate: some college/tech/trade school, no degree; high: university degree or higher.
§Nicotine dependence measured by Heaviness of Smoking Index [scored 0–6] and categorised as either low: ≤4, or high: >4.