Air quality measures by number of active waterpipes in indoor venues (n=12), August–October 2012, Toronto Waterpipe Study
| Air quality measures | Statistics | Number of active waterpipes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–4 | 5–9 | 10+ | ||
| Total minutes measured (%) | 50.5 (3.5%) | 330.0 (22.8%) | 421.0 (29.1%) | 647.5 (44.7%) | |
| PM2.5 (µg/m3)* | Mean (SD) | 25.4 (14.1) | 138.7 (374.9) | 773.0 (842.8) | 2602.1 (2517.7) |
| Median | 28.0 | 38.0 | 449.0 | 1966.0 | |
| Minimum–maximum | 7.0–48.0 | 9.0–3012.0 | 5.0–8200 | 7.0–17221.0 | |
| Ambient CO (ppm)* | Mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.5) | 3.1 (4.9) | 13.4 (16.2) | 26.1 (23.2) |
| Median | 0.0 | 1.8 | 7.6 | 19.5 | |
| Minimum–maximum | 0.0–1.9 | 0.0–27.1 | 0.0–120.0 | 0.0–106.8 | |
| Nicotine (µg/m3)† | Mean (SD) | – | 0.57 (0.35) | 3.21 (4.07) | 4.65 (1.67) |
| Median | – | 0.62 | 0.89 | 5.36 | |
| Minimum–maximum | – | 0.20–0.89 | 0.82–7.91 | 1.60–5.89 | |
*PM2.5 and ambient CO were real-time measures and their means were time-weighted means.
†Air-nicotine levels were measured approximately 2 h in each venue. Its mean levels were calculated by the mean number of active waterpipes at each venue and then across venues.
CO, carbon monoxide.