Graphic label | Text label | Label effect | Non-smokers | Smokers | Smoker status effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Label | Image themes | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | ηp2 | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | ηp2 |
Cigarettes are Addictive | |||||||||
Hole in Throat | D | 3.97 (1.26) | 2.74 (1.36) | 128.61*** | 0.48 | 3.84 (1.04) | 2.52 (1.30) | 61.01*** | 0.30 |
Cigarette Injection | M, A | 3.22 (1.46) | 2.74 (1.36) | 21.91*** | 0.14 | 3.50 (1.22) | 2.08 (1.26) | 56.20*** | 0.28 |
Red Puppet | M, A | 2.72 (1.38) | 2.45 (1.30) | 7.03** | 0.05 | 3.06 (1.32) | 1.86 (1.01) | 46.39*** | 0.25 |
Woman in Rain | U | 2.54 (1.34) | 2.45 (1.30) | 0.66 | 0.00 | 2.96 (1.31) | 1.80 (0.98) | 42.21*** | 0.23 |
Tobacco Smoke Can Harm Your Children | |||||||||
Smoke Approaching Baby | C | 3.86 (1.36) | 3.31 (1.36) | 23.58*** | 0.15 | 4.05 (1.04) | 2.78 (1.47) | 45.00*** | 0.25 |
Smoke at Baby | C, A, U | 3.84 (1.32) | 3.31 (1.36) | 24.61*** | 0.15 | 4.02 (1.07) | 2.81 (1.41) | 42.20*** | 0.23 |
Girl with Oxygen Mask | C, S, E | 3.64 (1.34) | 3.31 (1.36) | 10.36** | 0.07 | 3.94 (1.07) | 2.69 (1.41) | 49.84*** | 0.26 |
Smoke at Toddler | C | 3.64 (1.46) | 3.13 (1.38) | 34.23*** | 0.20 | 3.80 (1.26) | 2.72 (1.40) | 28.91*** | 0.17 |
Girl Crying | C, S | 3.30 (1.48) | 3.13 (1.38) | 2.76 | 0.02 | 3.66 (1.30) | 2.53 (1.34) | 34.52*** | 0.20 |
Child Lettering | A | 3.09 (1.52) | 3.13 (1.38) | 0.11 | 0.00 | 3.57 (1.34) | 2.43 (1.35) | 28.60*** | 0.17 |
Cigarettes Cause Fatal Lung Disease | |||||||||
Healthy/Diseased Lungs | D | 3.92 (1.20) | 2.99 (1.27) | 85.97*** | 0.39 | 3.81 (1.12) | 2.88 (1.20) | 28.58*** | 0.17 |
Toe Tag | S | 3.70 (1.33) | 3.23 (1.35) | 27.68*** | 0.17 | 3.90 (1.11) | 2.71 (1.37) | 40.46*** | 0.23 |
Lungs Full of Cigarettes | M | 3.45 (1.34) | 3.23 (1.35) | 5.13* | 0.04 | 3.81 (1.14) | 2.55 (1.29) | 44.33*** | 0.24 |
Doctor with X-Ray | E | 3.07 (1.31) | 2.99 (1.27) | 1.13 | 0.01 | 3.46 (1.23) | 2.38 (1.11) | 35.84*** | 0.21 |
Cigarettes Cause Cancer | |||||||||
Deathly Ill Woman | S | 4.29 (1.06) | 3.30 (1.41) | 97.21*** | 0.41 | 4.16 (0.97) | 3.16 (1.38) | 35.34*** | 0.20 |
Cancerous Lesion on Lip | D | 4.11 (1.13) | 3.04 (1.39) | 89.46*** | 0.39 | 4.00 (1.13) | 2.93 (1.17) | 45.45*** | 0.25 |
White Cigarette Burning | A | 3.48 (1.44) | 3.30 (1.41) | 3.17 | 0.02 | 3.85 (1.18) | 2.59 (1.46) | 37.26*** | 0.22 |
Red Cigarette Burning | A | 3.33 (1.33) | 3.04 (1.39) | 9.99** | 0.07 | 3.62 (1.31) | 2.53 (1.16) | 34.38*** | 0.20 |
Cigarettes Cause Strokes and Heart Disease | |||||||||
Oxygen Mask on Man's Face | S,E | 3.63 (1.34) | 3.03 (1.32) | 35.04*** | 0.20 | 3.80 (1.17) | 2.64 (1.24) | 42.05*** | 0.23 |
Hand with Oxygen Mask | E | 3.35 (1.38) | 3.22 (1.37) | 2.49 | 0.02 | 3.75 (1.15) | 2.49 (1.35) | 41.35*** | 0.23 |
Man in Pain-Hand on Chest | S | 3.25 (1.34) | 3.03 (1.32) | 8.26** | 0.06 | 3.60 (1.24) | 2.48 (1.15) | 38.10*** | 0.22 |
Red Lightening with Heart | A | 3.15 (1.38) | 3.22 (1.37) | 0.61 | 0.00 | 3.67 (1.16) | 2.39 (1.32) | 38.69*** | 0.22 |
Smoking During Pregnancy Can Harm Your Baby | |||||||||
Baby in Incubator | C,A,S,E | 3.54 (1.51) | 3.21 (1.48) | 12.20*** | 0.08 | 3.74 (1.36) | 2.79 (1.52) | 17.69*** | 0.11 |
Pacifier in Ashtray | M | 3.68 (1.42) | 3.46 (1.36) | 3.52 | 0.02 | 4.09 (1.04) | 2.67 (1.46) | 51.78*** | 0.27 |
Smoking Can Kill You | |||||||||
Man with Chest Staples | S,D | 3.81 (1.36) | 3.32 (1.43) | 27.40*** | 0.17 | 4.07 (1.14) | 2.69 (1.39) | 52.67*** | 0.28 |
Red Coffin with Body | A | 3.47 (1.43) | 3.32 (1.43) | 2.38 | 0.02 | 3.94 (1.16) | 2.45 (1.36) | 55.26*** | 0.29 |
Man in Casket | S | 3.33 (1.46) | 2.98 (1.41) | 16.08*** | 0.11 | 3.68 (1.35) | 2.45 (1.24) | 36.42*** | 0.21 |
Cigarettes=RIP | A | 3.05 (1.42) | 2.98 (1.41) | 0.14 | 0.00 | 3.61 (1.33) | 2.17 (1.10) | 53.03*** | 0.28 |
Tobacco Smoke Causes Fatal Lung Disease in Non-smokers | |||||||||
Graveyard | M | 3.55 (1.41) | 3.15 (1.50) | 12.53*** | 0.08 | 3.89 (1.20) | 2.46 (1.42) | 51.74*** | 0.27 |
Man Smoke at Woman | U | 3.52 (1.38) | 3.15 (1.50) | 16.24*** | 0.10 | 3.87 (1.16) | 2.43 (1.44) | 47.99*** | 0.26 |
Woman Crying | S | 3.44 (1.39) | 3.15 (1.50) | 8.63** | 0.06 | 3.85 (1.17) | 2.36 (1.41) | 53.57*** | 0.28 |
Woman Smoke at Man | U | 3.03 (1.43) | 2.95 (1.40) | 0.39 | 0.00 | 3.55 (1.36) | 2.20 (1.08) | 48.60*** | 0.26 |
Man Hands Up And Smoke | U | 3.02 (1.47) | 2.95 (1.40) | 0.06 | 0.00 | 3.57 (1.32) | 2.14 (1.12) | 58.47*** | 0.30 |
Quitting Smoking Now Greatly Reduces Serious Risk to Health | |||||||||
Cigarettes in Toilet Bowl | M | 2.69 (1.40) | 2.71 (1.39) | 0.21 | 0.00 | 3.13 (1.36) | 2.03 (1.20) | 25.72*** | 0.16 |
Man in ‘I Quit’ T-Shirt | M | 2.47 (1.30) | 2.51 (1.26) | 0.31 | 0.00 | 2.83 (1.32) | 1.98 (1.01) | 21.26*** | 0.13 |
Woman Blowing Bubble | M | 2.13 (1.24) | 2.51 (1.26) | 15.03*** | 0.10 | 2.63 (1.34) | 1.84 (0.92) | 20.59*** | 0.13 |
Response scale ranged from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). Image themes: A, art-graphics; C, child/baby; D, diseased body part; E, medical equipment; M, metaphor; S, suffering or dead person; U, unpleasant smoking experience. ηp2=proportion of variance explained. The labels selected by the Food and Drug Administration in June 2011 appear in bold.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.