Table 1

Study 1 and Study 2 results

 AttractivenessQuitting intentionst (p value)
Mean post (95% CI)Mean pre (95% CI)Mean post (95% CI)Mean paired (post–pre) difference (95% CI)
Study 2: Minute2.442.830.38 (0.23 to 0.54)4.90 (<0.001)§
Study 1: Minute1.17 (0.79 to 1.55)*3.26 (2.62 to 3.91)†3.94 (3.35 to 4.53)‡0.68 (0.32 to 1.04)3.81 (<0.001)§
Study 1: Toxic1.26 (0.79 to 1.73)*3.83 (3.16 to 4.51)†4.07 (3.44 to 4.69)‡0.23 (0.02 to 0.45)2.25 (0.032)§
Study 1: Control2.36 (1.94 to 2.79)*3.00 (2.10 to 3.90)†3.13 (2.23 to 4.02)‡0.13 (0.02 to 0.27)1.81 (0.083)§
  • *ANOVA comparing mean postexposure attractiveness across minute/toxic/control conditions F=9.16 (p<0.001).

  • †ANOVA comparing mean pre-exposure quitting intentions across minute/toxic/control conditions F=1.38 (p=0.258).

  • ‡ANOVA comparing mean postexposure quitting intentions across minute/toxic/control conditions F=2.08 (p=0.131).

  • §t and p values assessing change (post–pre) in quitting intentions using paired-samples t test.

  • Scale ranges from 0 to 6 with 6 indicating higher quitting intentions/attractiveness; attractiveness is an aggregation of four items; quitting intentions is an aggregation of three items in Study 2.

  • ANOVA, analysis of variance.