Tobacco* | Product A (Zero-zero)* | Product B (Soex)* | Product C (Hydro)* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Repeated runs (N) | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | |||
Toxicant emissions(per waterpipe) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p Value† | Mean (SD) | p Value† | Mean (SD) | p Value† |
Carbon monoxide, (mg) | 1880 (151) | 2912 (256) | <0.001 | 2560 (280) | 0.001 | 2825 (267) | <0.001 |
Nitric oxide, (mg) | 4.5 (0.12) | 4.91 (0.48) | 0.8 | 5.75 (0.48) | <0.001 | 5.66 (0.46) | <0.001 |
Nanoparticles, (1012) | 4.8 (0.43) | 5.18 (0.56) | 0.3 | 3.73 (0.59) | 0.009 | 5.32 (0.62) | 0.2 |
Volatile aldehydes, (μg) | |||||||
Formaldehyde | 4285 (836) | 2220 (389) | <0.001 | 2270 (372) | 0.001 | 2724 (286) | 0.004 |
Acetaldehyde | 1690 (405) | 2427 (758) | 0.09 | 1200 (264) | 0.05 | 2963 (869) | 0.02 |
Acrolein | 210 (64.9) | 257 (97) | 0.4 | 245 (60) | 0.4 | 838 (293) | 0.002 |
Propionaldehyde | 142 (39) | 241 (80) | 0.03 | 116 (41) | 0.3 | 241 (110) | 0.09 |
Methacrolein | 45 (12) | 50 (25) | 0.7 | 37.8 (6.44) | 0.3 | 60 (25) | 0.3 |
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, (ng) | |||||||
Naphtalene | 87 (29) | 69 (29) | 0.3 | 82 (21) | 0.8 | 89 (14) | 0.9 |
Acenaphtylene | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||
Acenaphtene | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||
Phenanthrene | 60 (10) | 156 (94) | 0.05 | 61 (18) | 0.9 | 191 (67) | 0.003 |
Anthracene | 27 (25) | 56 (15) | 0.04 | 51 (9) | 0.08 | 63 (13) | 0.02 |
Fluoranthene | 66 (12) | 188 (144) | 0.09 | 59 (23) | 0.6 | 235 (96) | 0.005 |
Pyrene | 77 (12) | 201 (138) | 0.08 | 75 (25) | 0.9 | 256 (107) | 0.006 |
Benzo[a]anthracene | 30 (4) | 87 (39) | 0.01 | 38 (20) | 0.4 | 109 (45) | 0.005 |
Chrysene | 52 (7) | 136 (58) | 0.01 | 63 (23) | 0.3 | 161 (56) | 0.003 |
Benzo[k+b]fluoranthene | 70 (11) | 126 (32) | 0.005 | 100 (26) | 0.05 | 130 (32) | 0.004 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | 66 (8) | 108 (23) | 0.004 | 90 (16) | 0.02 | 121 (27) | 0.002 |
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene | 104 (17) | 116 (19) | 0.3 | 125 (31) | 0.2 | 122 (27) | 0.2 |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 150 (18) | 174 (31) | 0.2 | 164 (33) | 0.4 | 185 (34) | 0.08 |
*10 g of the product.
†p Value; for ‘herbal’ products compared with tobacco.
ND, not detectable.