GEE analyses† predicting warning label responses, pooled across countries with interactions and separately for each country
| Warning salience OR (95% CI) | Cognitive responses OR (95% CI) | Forgoing cigarettes OR (95% CI) | Avoiding warnings OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All countries | n=6289 | n=6299 | n=6288 | n=6295 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.72 (0.65 to 0.80)*** | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.86)*** | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.14) | 2.31 (1.99 to 2.69)*** |
| Interactions (separate analyses) | ||||
| Country×wave (3 df) | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p=0.001 | p=0.049 |
| Country×wave×education (6 df) | p=0.641 | p=0.248 | p=0.122 | p=0.002 |
| France | n=1531 | n=1531 | n=1531 | n=1530 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.81 (0.66 to 1.00)* | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.88)** | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.00)* | 2.93 (2.30 to 3.73)*** |
| UK | n=1618 | n=1624 | n=1623 | n=1622 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 1.30 (0.99 to 1.70) | 1.34 (1.14 to 1.58)*** | 1.65 (1.25 to 2.16)*** | 2.19 (1.72 to 2.80)*** |
| Germany | n=1502 | n=1503 | n=1503 | n=1503 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.62 (0.50 to 0.76)*** | 0.83 (0.69 to 0.99)* | 0.71 (0.46 to 1.11) | 2.57 (1.57 to 4.20)*** |
| The Netherlands | n=1638 | n=1641 | n=1631 | n=1640 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.58)*** | 0.51 (0.44 to 0.61)*** | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.49) | 1.28 (0.80 to 2.03) |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†All models were adjusted for gender, age group, educational level, tobacco type, HSI, intention to quit and time in sample. The pooled analyses were also adjusted for country. The interaction analyses were also adjusted for the education by wave interaction and the education by country interaction.
GEE, Generalised Estimating Equations; HSI, Heaviness of Smoking Index.