Servers’ and patrons’ cancer risk due to exposure to nine SHS-VOCs in Minnesota restaurants and bars
| Servers | Patrons, smoking venues/sections | Patrons, non-smoking sections | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carcinogenicity effect | URE/UR* (10−6) | EF† (µg/cigarette) | Level‡ (µg/m3) | LER§ (10−6) | Level‡ (µg/m3) | LER§ (10−6) | Level‡ (µg/m3) | LER§ (10−6) | |
| PM2.5 | 12471 | 11.5 | – | 1.1 | – | 0.2 | – | ||
| Acetaldehyde | Nasal cancer in rats | 2.20 | 2292 | 2.11 | 4.6 | 0.20 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 0.1 |
| Acrylonitrile | Lung cancer in humans | 68.0 | 170 | 0.16 | 10.6 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 0.00 | 0.2 |
| Benzene | Leukaemia in humans | 7.80 | 431 | 0.40 | 3.1 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| 1,3-Butadiene | Lymphohaematopoietic cancer in humans | 30.0 | 279 | 0.26 | 7.7 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 0.2 |
| Ethylbenzene | Kidney cancer in rats | 2.50 | 131 | 0.12 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Formaldehyde | Nasal cancer in humans | 13.0 | 1101 | 1.01 | 13.2 | 0.09 | 1.3 | 0.02 | 0.3 |
| Naphthalene | Nasal cancer in rats | 34.0 | 45 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.0009 | 0.03 |
| N-Nitrosodimethylamine | Liver cancer in rats | 14000 | 0.57 | 0.00052 | 7.3 | 0.00005 | 0.7 | 0.00001 | 0.2 |
| N-Nitrosopyrrolidine | Liver cancer in rats | 600 | 0.10 | 0.00010 | 0.06 | 0.00001 | 0.005 | 0.000002 | 0.001 |
| Total risk of all cancers | – | – | – | 48.3 | – | 4.8 | – | 1.1 | |
| Total risk of non-lung cancers | – | – | – | 37.7 | – | 3.8 | – | 0.8 | |
*URE/UR: unit risk estimate reported by the US EPA or unit risk reported by the California EPA.
†Average of EFs reported in the literature (see table A2 in online appendices).
‡Level: daily average exposure concentration during a lifetime of 70 years, adjusted by the factor in equation 2.
§LER, lifetime attributable risk of cancers.
Only nine SHS-VOCs with EF (in µg/cigarette, available from the literature) and URE or UR available from the US EPA or the California EPA website are included in this table. Compounds for which either EF or URE/UR were unavailable are not included even though they are known carcinogens.
EF, emission factor; EPA, Environmental Protection Agency; LER, lifetime excess risk; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; SHS-VOC, volatile organic compounds from SHS; SHS, secondhand smoke; UR, unit risk; URE, unit risk estimate.