Smoking-attributable indirect costs
| Studied smoking-related disease | Morbidity cost | Mortality cost | Total indirect cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | 2309.2 (US$109.8) | 3226.4 (US$153.4) | 5535.6 (US$263.1) |
| Upper aerodigestive tract cancers | 220.7 (US$10.5) | 979.2 (US$46.5) | 1199.9 (US$57.0) |
| COPD | 55.3 (US$2.6) | 1636.7 (US$77.8) | 1692.0 (US$80.4) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 3.4 (US$0.2) | 918.7 (US$43.7) | 922.1 (US$43.8) |
| Stroke | 64.3 (3.1) | 2802.4 (US$133.2) | 2866.7 (US$136.3) |
| Total costs | 2652.9 (US$126.1) | 9563.5 (US$454.6) | 12 216.4 (US$580.7) |
*Values are in VND billions and US$ millions.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; VND, Vietnamese dong.