Direct comparison of toxicant yields from tobacco-based and tobacco-free waterpipe products, adapted from Shihadeh et al.25
| Waterpipe preparation (mean±95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Toxicant | Tobacco | Non-tobacco | p Value |
| ‘Tar’ (mg) | 464±159 | 513±115 | NS |
| Nicotine (mg) | 1.04±0.30 | <0.01 | <0.001 |
| Carbon monoxide (mg) | 155±49 | 159±42 | NS |
| Nitric oxide (mg) | 437±207 | 386±116 | NS |
| Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (ng) | |||
| Fluoranthene | 385±74 | 448±132 | NS |
| Pyrene | 356±70 | 444±125 | NS |
| Benzo[a]anthracene | 86.4±15.2 | 113±46 | NS |
| Chrysene | 106±16 | 124±36 | NS |
| Benzo[b+k]fluoranthenes | 64.7±11.3 | 72.9±12.6 | NS |
| Benzo[a]pyrene | 51.8±12.9 | 66.1±17.8 | NS |
| Benzo[g,h,i]perylene | 33.6±10.2 | 39.6±10.7 | NS |
| Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 47.3±10.7 | 44.3±10.4 | NS |
| Carbonylic compounds (µg) | |||
| Formaldehyde | 58.7±21.6 | 117.6±78.7 | NS |
| Acetaldehyde | 383±121 | 566±370 | NS |
| Acetone | 118±36 | 163±68 | NS |
| Propionaldehyde | 51.7±15.3 | 98.4±65.0 | NS |
| Methacrolein | 12.2±4.4 | 20.4±9.7 | NS |
Shown values are mean±95% CI. Smoke was generated by playback of 62 ad-lib smoking sessions recorded from 31 waterpipe users, each of who completed two smoking bouts in a controlled clinical setting: once using a preferred tobacco-based product, and once using a flavour-matched tobacco-free product.
NS, not significant.