Table 1

Toxicants yields from waterpipes (per use-session) and cigarettes (per cigarette)

Yield per unit smokedIARC class*Hoffmann list
‘causative agent’		CigaretteWaterpipeReference
T/N/CO/NO (mg)7–10 12 19 21 22 25 35 47 48
 Tar—CVD, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer1–27242–2350
 Nicotine—Tobacco dependence0.1–3>0.01–9.29
 CO—CVD14–235.7–367
 Water——548–1760
 NO—CVD, chronic obstructive lung disease0.100–6.000.325–0.440
Carbonylic compounds (µg)Chronic obstructive lung disease, lung/larynx cancer2 7 13 22 49
 Formaldehyde120–10036–630
 Acetaldehyde2B400–1400120–2520
 Acetone——20.2–118
 Acrolein360–24010.1–892
 Propionaldehyde—48.4†5.71–403
 Methacrolein——12.2–106
 Butyraldehyde——10.9–70.6
 Benzaldehyde——BLQ (0.339)
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (ng)Lung/larynx/oral cavity/oesophageal/bladder cancer4 12 49
 NAT3—103
 NNK180–770LOD-46.4
 NNN1120–370034.3
 NAB3—8.45
Primary aromatic amines (ng)Urinary bladder cancer14 50
 m-PDA3—6.50
 ANL3251.6‡31.3
 4,4′-ODA2B—28.0
 o-ASD2B—BLQ (3.76)
 4-CA2B—BLQ (3.39)
 2-ANP11–3342.84
 1-ANP317.0‡6.20
 3,5-DCA——BLQ (3.77)
 2-ABP——3.33
Furanic compounds (µg)11
 HMF——2420–62 300
 FFA——55.7–552
 2-FA——32.0–401
 2-F——29.6–206
 2-FMK——4.77–12.5
 5-M-2-F——4.62–215
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ng)Lung/larynx cancer, oral cavity cancer3 9 12 18 22 49
 Naphthalene2B360.8†30–3860
 Acenaphtylene—71.6†42–700
 Acenaphthene356.8†25–17 260
 Fluorene3189.2†26–437
 Phenanthrene3138.9†1277–2650
 Anthracene362.3†133–6280
 Fluoranthene352.7†354–2380
 Pyrene344.8†30–12 950
 Benzo[a]anthracene2B20–7030–15 190
 Chrysene2B—ND–124
 Benzo[k]fluoranthene2B6–12ND–370
 Benzo[b]fluoranthene2B4–22ND–170
 Benzo[a]pyrene120–40ND–307
 Benzo[g,h,i]perylene3—ND–140
 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene2A4ND–147
 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene2B4–20ND–183
Heavy metals (ng) Cardiovascular, lung/larynx cancer  3 19
 Lead2B34–85200–6870
 Copper——1300–2300
 Zinc——1100–1400
 Chromium14–70250–1340
 Nickel1 or 2B§ND–600300–900
 Cobalt2B0.13–0.270–300
 Arsenic140–120165
 Boron——350–1310
 Beryllium10.565
Volatile organic compounds (µg)    16
 Isoprene2B200–4004.00
 Benzene120–70271
 Toluene35–909.92
 Ethylbenzene2B—1.00
 p-Xylene3—0.929
 m-Xylene3—2.47
 Pyridine320–2004.76
 o-Xylene3—BLQ
 Styrene2B101.27
 Quinoline—2–4BLQ
Phenolic compounds (µg)Lung/larynx cancer  16 17
 Hydroquinone330.9†21.7–110.7
 Resorcinol30.474†1.689–1.87
 Catechol2B90–2000166–316.1
 Phenol31703.21–58.03
 Guaiacol—1.00†7.00
 m-Cresol—6.052.37–4.655
 p-Cresol———–5.375
 o-Cresol—2.09†2.93–4.409
Others (mg)
 Propylene glycol——21112
 Glycerol——42312
 Vanillin——3.19217
 Ethyl vanillin——0.61617
 Benzyl alcohol——0.23217
Biological components8
 Ergosterol (ng)——84.4
 LPS (pmol)——1800

  • Unless otherwise noted, cigarette data are taken from Hoffmann et al.44

  • *IARC classification groups: 1=carcinogenic to humans; 2A=probably carcinogenic to humans; 2B=possibly carcinogenic to humans; 3=not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

  • †3R4F reference cigarette.

  • ‡2R4F reference cigarette.

  • §Depends on its form.

  • ¶Combined values for m/p-cresol.

  • 1-ANP, 1-naphthylamine; 2-ABP, 2-aminobiphenyl; 2-ANP, 2-naphthylamine; 2-F, 2-furaldehyde; 2-FA, 2-furoic acid; 2-FMK, 2-furyl methyl ketone; 3,5-DCA, 3,5-dichloroaniline; 4,4′-ODA, 4,4′-oxydianiline; 4-CA, p-chloroaniline; 5-M-2-F, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde; ANL, aniline; BLQ, below limit of quantification; CO, carbon monoxide; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FFA, furfuryl alcohol; HMF, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; LOD, limit of detection; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; m-PDA, m-phenylenediamine; ND, not detected; NAB, N-nitrosoanabasine; NAT, N-nitrosoanatabine; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N′-nitrosonornicotine; NO, nitric oxide; o-ASD, o-anisidine.