Table 1

Acute cardiovascular effects of waterpipe smoking: heart rate and blood pressure

Study	Population	Smoking abstinence	Smoking session time and setting	Tobacco type and amount	HR change bpm	SBP change mm Hg	DBP change mm Hg
Shafogoj 20028	18 previously healthy, normotensive men, avg. age 27 years, exclusive WP smokers	84 h	45 min in a well-ventilated laboratory	20 g moassal	+16	+6.7	+4.4
Shaikh 20089	202 men, mean age 33.2 years, cigarette smokers excluded	20 min*	30–45 min, in a café environnement	unspecified	+6.3	+15.7	+2.0
Hakim 201110	30 men and 15 women, mean age 32.3 (±23.4) years. Included 8 cigarette smokers	24 h	30 min in an outdoor environment	10 g moassal	+15.2	+12.5	+8.2
Kadhum 201411	49 men and 12 women, free of cardiorespiratory disease, ages 18–25 years, cigarette or other tobacco users excluded	Yes, unspecified duration	45–90 min in 6 WP cafes	unspecified	+14	+15	+10
Al-Kubati 200612	20 normotensive men, avg. age 27 (±6) years	12 h†	45 min in a laboratory	5 g moassal	NE	+13	+14
Hawari 201313	24 healthy men, average age 20.4 years	48 h	45 min at a café	unspecified	+2.4 (NS)	+10.3	NS
Cobb 201214	16 men and 16 women, healthy, age 18–50 years, regular cigarette users (>5 per day) excluded	12 h*	45 min in a laboratory	10 g flavoured tobacco	+4.1	+5 (NS)	+6.3
Shishani 201415	22 adults, avg. age 24 (±3) years, exclusive WP smokers	24 h	45–60 in an outdoor laboratory	unspecified	+8	NS	NS
Bentur 201416	33 men and 14 women, healthy, average age 24.9 (±6.2) years	24 h	30 min in an indoor environment	10 g moassal	+15.5	+8	+4
Eissenberg 2009 17	21 men, 10 women, healthy, avg. age 21.4 (±2.3) years, both WP and cigarette smokers	12 h	45 min in a laboratory environment	15 g flavoured tobacco	+6.3	NE	NE
Blank 201118	29 men, 8 women, healthy, avg. age 20 years	overnight	45 min in a ventilated laboratory	10 g flavoured tobacco	+8.6	+1.7 (NS)	NS
Al-Osaimi 201219	220 WP smokers	unspecified	30 min	unspecified	+15	NE	NE
Alomari 201420	34 men, 19 women, avg age 22.7 (±4.8) years, range 18–35 years	unspecified	30 min in a well-ventilated, air-conditioned room	10 g flavoured tobacco	+5.2	+1.7 (NS)	+2.4
Layoun 201421	87 men, 45 women, avg age 33.4 (±13.29) years, exclusive WP smokers	unspecified	45 min at restaurants in Beirut and Mt Lebanon	20 g moassal tobacco	+7.09‡	+0.7‡	+2.6‡

*Also abstained from caffeine.
†Also abstained from caffeine and alcohol.
‡Statistical significance unspecified.DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; NE, not evaluated; NS, not statistically significant; SBP, systolic blood pressure.