Table 2

Per cent change in agreement with five attitudes and beliefs about smokeless tobacco, before and after presentation of health warnings, across message themes

	Text				Symbolic				Graphic				Testimonial
	Adult		Youth		Adult		Youth		Adult		Youth		Adult		Youth
	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD	IN	BD
Harmful to health	+10.4	+12.6***	+3.4	+9.5**	+7.9	+10.7**	+1.6	+5.2	+4.9	+14.7***	−4.9	+11.2***	+14.3*	+18.7***	−3.2	+10.1**
Society disapproves	+13.6***	+14.0***	0.0	+10.0**	+9.4*	+5.0	+9.6**	+2.6	+8.8*	+11.2***	+8.9*	+10.4**	+10.3*	+22.9***	+2.4	+11.7***
Bad example for children	+6.7	+7.0*	+3.9	+7.9*	+6.3	+10.0**	−8.9	+8.7**	+2.4	+10.4**	+5.2	+11.9**	+9.5	+18.8***	−6.4	+8.7
Not acceptable for females	+14.8*	+5.6	+2.4	+7.7	+8.6	+2.8	+15.7**	−0.5	+10.6	+6.1	−3.5	+5.2	+4.7	+17.4***	+2.7	+4.2
Addictive	+9.6	−2.1	+2.4	+1.6	−1.6	+4.3	+6.7	+0.9	+0.6	−0.8	+3.0	+0.8	+13.8**	−2.7	+2.4	+2.3

Bolded items represent statistical significance, where the p value is <0.05.
Numbers in the table represent the difference in the percentages of respondents agreeing with the attitude/belief about smokeless tobacco before and after viewing health warnings. Positive numbers indicate an increase in negative attitudes and beliefs. McNemar χ² tests were used to assess differences between percentages.
*Significant difference (at *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001) between percentages agreeing before vs after viewing warnings.
BD, Bangladesh; IN, India.