Table 3

Multiple linear regressions of characteristics associated with knowledge about the harms of smoking in adults aged ≥15 years in 22 countries, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2008–2013†

	Region of the Americas					European region
	Argentina	Brazil	Mexico	Panama	Uruguay	Greece	Poland	Romania	Russia	Turkey	Ukraine
Demographics
Gender
Male	−0.099*	0.019	−0.022	−0.029	−0.015	−0.028	−0.077	−0.023	−0.093*	0.001	−0.086*
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Age	0.005*	−0.001*	0.003*	0.001	0.000	0.003*	−0.001	0.003*	0.005*	0.000	−0.000
Educational attainment (%)
Low	−0.122*	–	−0.168*	−0.197*	−0.105	−0.150	−0.314*	−0.071	−0.291	−0.263*	−0.968*
High	Ref	NA‡	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Place of residence
Urban	–	0.097*	0.020	0.183*	0.004	−0.066	0.011	−0.001	−0.084	0.063*	0.118*
Rural	NA§	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Smoking status
Current	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Former	0.057	0.272*	0.036	−0.062	0.126*	0.329*	0.547*	0.122*	0.559*	0.098*	0.380*
Never	0.055	0.242*	0.035	−0.037	0.102*	0.366*	0.570*	0.166*	0.708*	0.065*	0.413*
Noticing antismoking information
Noticed any anticigarette smoking information
Yes	0.171*	0.381*	0.331*	0.130*	0.298*	0.250*	0.297*	0.355*	0.269*	0.326*	0.197*
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Noticed any health warning labels on cigarette packages
Yes	−0.034	0.251*	0.110*	0.176*	0.068*	0.079	0.011	0.133*	0.127*	0.162*	0.036
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref

	African region	Eastern Mediterranean region		South-East Asian region				Western Pacific region
	Nigeria	Egypt	Qatar	Bangladesh	India	Indonesia	Thailand	China	Malaysia	Philippines	Vietnam
Demographics
Gender
Male	0.157*	0.004	−0.036	0.244*	−0.089*	0.180*	−0.034	0.122*	−0.041	0.008	0.032
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Age	0.002	0.001*	0.002*	−0.001	−0.001	−0.009*	0.000	−0.004*	−0.001	0.002	0.000
Educational attainment (%)
Low	−0.243*	−0.150*	−0.165*	−0.243*	−0.388*	−0.763*	−0.141*	−0.632*	−0.409*	−0.372*	−0.454*
High	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Place of residence
Urban	0.248*	0.070*	-	0.138*	0.076*	0.232*	0.069*	0.531*	0.045	0.153*	0.092*
Rural	Ref	Ref	NA§	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Smoking status
Current	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Former	0.812*	0.026	0.172*	0.039	0.162*	0.501*	0.163*	0.442*	0.296*	0.341*	0.390*
Never	0.800*	0.054*	0.325*	0.082*	0.172*	0.425*	0.086*	0.349*	0.317*	0.344*	0.356*
Noticing antismoking information
Noticed any anticigarette smoking information
Yes	0.450*	0.109*	0.212*	0.265*	0.500*	0.389*	0.383*	0.387*	0.811*	0.471*	0.798*
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Noticed any health warning labels on cigarette packages
Yes	0.203*	0.317*	0.091*	0.153*	0.328*	0.268*	0.188*	0.134	0.276*	0.215*	0.389*
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref

*p<0.5.
†Each country analysis controlled for demographic, smoking status and antismoking information exposure variables to determine their independent effect on tobacco-related knowledge.
‡Brazil classified education differently from the standard protocol and is not comparable.
§Argentina and Qatar did not report type of residence.
NA, not applicable.