Table 4

Unadjusted prevalence rates (%) of selected nicotine-dependent characteristics in cigarette smokers, by gender and area of residence, Brazil, 2008 and 2013

Nicotine-dependent characteristics	Area of residence						p Value for interaction†
	Rural			Urban
	2008	2013	p Value*	2008	2013	p Value*
Male
Prevalence of smokers	28.2	22.1	<0.01	21.7	18.1	<0.01	0.13
Current smokers
Quitting attempt in the past 12 months	36.4	41.6	0.06	39.5	44.0	0.01	0.84
Daily smokers	88.8	85.1	0.08	87.7	86.1	0.19	0.40
Current daily smokers
Recent daily smoker	7.8	2.3	<0.01	12.2	8.5	0.01	0.88
Years of daily smoking‡	28.5	30.8	0.03	24.3	26.3	<0.01	0.06
Heavy smokers§	15.6	19.4	0.17	21.5	20.3	0.42	0.11
Passive smoking inside household§
Among heavy smokers	77.6	78.5	0.88	73.6	80.2	0.04	0.43
Among light smokers	76.6	72.1	0.16	61.8	54.6	<0.01	0.51
Ever smokers
Cessation rate¶	44.9	51.2	0.01	51.2	53.3	0.10	0.53
Female
Prevalence of smokers	14.1	10.1	<0.01	13.7	10.9	<0.01	0.31
Current smokers
Quitting attempt in the past 12 months	47.2	56.9	0.03	44.8	52.4	<0.01	0.69
Daily smokers	88.6	80.8	0.03	87.8	89.3	0.21	0.02
Current daily smokers
Recent daily smoker	6.2	4.2	0.36	10.2	6.4	<0.01	0.46
Years of daily smoking‡	28.0	31.1	0.04	24.4	28.5	<0.01	0.51
Heavy smokers§	10.2	10.8	0.83	18.4	18.2	0.91	0.81
Passive smoking inside household§
Among heavy smokers	88.0	75.9	0.25	82.3	79.5	0.50	0.40
Among light smokers	79.0	69.1	0.03	67.5	61.6	0.01	0.45
Ever smokers
Cessation rate¶	54.1	58.2	0.18	53.6	55.9	0.09	0.47

*Corresponds to p value for χ² test for differences in prevalence rates between 2008 and 2013.
†Generalised linear models (GLM) using the Poisson family and Gaussian link function were specified to understand whether absolute differences in prevalence rates between 2008 and 2013 were homogeneous by area of residence.
‡GLM using the Gaussian family were specified to understand whether absolute differences in means between 2008 and 2013 were homogeneous by area of residence; p value for F test was used to assess unadjusted differences in means over time.
§Light smokers: Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) ≤3; Heavy smokers: HSI ≥4.
¶Cessation rate: past daily and occasional smokers divided by the number of ever smokers.