Table 2

Linear probability model of smoking participation

All†Males†Females†All†Males†Females†
Staff smoking0.063***0.070***0.050***0.063***0.069***0.050***
(0.013)(0.017)(0.012)(0.013)(0.017)(0.012)
Student ban0.019+0.0160.022*0.0210.010.02
(0.011)(0.016)(0.010)(0.015)(0.022)(0.013)
Staff ban−0.014−0.011−0.013+−0.010.004−0.015
(0.009)(0.012)(0.008)(0.020)(0.027)(0.018)
Student ban enforcement−0.0010.0090.002
(0.017)(0.024)(0.015)
Staff ban enforcement−0.005−0.020.002
(0.024)(0.033)(0.022)
Age−0.149***−0.171***−0.120***−0.149***−0.171***−0.120***
(0.011)(0.016)(0.013)(0.011)(0.016)(0.013)
Age squared0.006***0.007***0.004***0.006***0.007***0.004***
(0.000)(0.001)(0.000)(0.000)(0.001)(0.000)
Male0.081***0.081***
(0.002)(0.002)
Mother smokes0.111***0.116***0.105***0.111***0.116***0.105***
(0.008)(0.012)(0.008)(0.008)(0.012)(0.008)
Father smokes0.046***0.064***0.030***0.046***0.064***0.030***
(0.002)(0.003)(0.002)(0.002)(0.003)(0.002)
Both parents smoke0.120***0.138***0.103***0.120***0.138***0.103***
(0.006)(0.009)(0.007)(0.006)(0.009)(0.007)
Exposure to cigarette ads0.098***0.060*0.127***0.098***0.060*0.127***
(0.021)(0.031)(0.018)(0.021)(0.031)(0.018)
Exposure to antismoking ads−0.012+−0.014−0.008−0.012+−0.014−0.008
(0.006)(0.010)(0.005)(0.006)(0.010)(0.005)
Reduced access−0.034−0.022−0.037*−0.034−0.022−0.037*
(0.021)(0.033)(0.017)(0.021)(0.033)(0.017)
Class on smoking−0.010***−0.009***−0.009***−0.010***−0.009***−0.009***
(0.002)(0.003)(0.002)(0.002)(0.003)(0.002)
N229 995115 284114 711229 995115 284114 711

  • All specifications include country fixed effects, and linear and quadratic time trends.

  • +p<0.10, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.

  • †Errors clustered at the school level.