Unadjusted smoking prevalence rates (%), proportion of illicit consumption (%), and amount of yearly cigarette consumption, by sociodemographic characteristics, amount of cigarettes bought at smokers’ last purchase, and Brazil’ Federal States land border status, 2008 and 2013
| Characteristics | Daily manufactured cigarette smoking prevalence rate | Illicit consumption* | p Value for additive interaction† | Amount of yearly illicit cigarette consumption among daily smokers (billions of sticks)‡ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 2013 | 2008 (<BRL 1.668) | 2013 (<BRL 3.236) | 2008 | 2013 | ||||||
| Per cent | CI95% | Per cent | CI95% | Number of cigarettes‡ | CI95% | Number of cigarettes ‡ | CI95% | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male§¶ | 16.5 | 13.7 | 15.8 | (13.9 to 17.8) | 32.4 | (29.3 to 35.6) | 0.16 | 7.5 | (6.5 to 8.5) | 15.6 | (13.7 to 17.5) |
| Female§¶ | 10.4 | 8.2 | 17.9 | (15.7 to 20.3) | 29.1 | (26.0 to 32.5) | 5.5 | (4.8 to 6.1) | 8.7 | (7.4 to 10.0) | |
| Age group (years) | |||||||||||
| 18–24§¶ | 9.8 | 7.7 | 10.9 | (8.0 to 14.8) | 28.8 | (21.4 to 37.4) | 0.18 | 1.1 | (0.7 to 1.5) | 2.6 | (1.8 to 3.4) |
| 25 or more§¶ | 14.0 | 11.3 | 17.5 | (15.8 to 19.3) | 31.4 | (28.9 to 33.9) | 11.9 | (10.7 to 13.2) | 21.7 | (19.5 to 24.0) | |
| Educational level (years) | |||||||||||
| 0–7§¶ | 15.9 | 13.1 | 23.6 | (21.2 to 26.1) | 42.1 | (38.7 to 45.6) | 0.13 | 9.8 | (8.6 to 11.0) | 15.4 | (13.5 to 17.3) |
| 8 or more§¶ | 11.1 | 9.3 | 8.8 | (7.3 to 10.6) | 21.2 | (18.4 to 24.4) | 3.1 | (2.6 to 3.7) | 8.9 | (7.5 to 10.4) | |
| Area of residence | |||||||||||
| Rural§¶ | 10.9 | 7.9 | 27.8 | (23.2 to 33.1) | 53.6 | (48.1 to 59.0) | <0.01 | 2.2 | (1.8 to 2.6) | 3.4 | (2.8 to 4.0) |
| Urban§¶ | 13.7 | 11.3 | 15.3 | (13.7 to 17.0) | 28.6 | (26.1 to 31.3) | 10.8 | (9.6 to 12.0) | 21.0 | (18.6 to 23.4) | |
| Amount of cigarettes bought at smokers’ last purchase | |||||||||||
| Less than a pack¶ | – | – | 7.5 | (4.5 to 12.4) | 16.2 | (11.4 to 22.4) | 0.2 | (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.4 | (0.3 to 0.5) | |
| One pack¶ | – | – | 14.0 | (12.4 to 15.7) | 25.4 | (22.8 to 28.2) | 0.44 | 6.8 | (5.9 to 7.7) | 11.2 | (9.8 to 12.6) |
| More than a pack¶ | – | – | 27.8 | (24.1 to 31.7) | 50.6 | (45.8 to 55.3) | <0.01 | 6.0 | (5.1 to 6.9) | 12.8 | (11.0 to 14.6) |
| Brazil’ Federal States land borders | |||||||||||
| Yes§¶ | 14.5 | 11.2 | 22.4 | (19.4 to 25.6) | 40.8 | (36.4 to 45.4) | 0.31 | 4.7 | (4.0 to 5.5) | 8.4 | (6.9 to 9.9) |
| No§¶ | 12.9 | 10.7 | 14.5 | (12.8 to 16.5) | 27.7 | (25.0 to 30.6) | 8.3 | (7.1 to 9.4) | 15.9 | (14.0 to 17.9) | |
| Total§¶ | 13.3 | 10.8 | 16.6 | (15.1 to 18.3) | 31.1 | (28.7 to 33.6) | – | 13.0 | (11.6 to 14.4) | 24.3 | (21.8 to 26.8) |
*Among eligible smokers, 9.8% in 2008 and 1.4% in 2013 were excluded from the analysis as they stated they had never bought cigarettes.
†Corresponds to the p value for additive interaction. The GLM model using the Poisson family and Gaussian link function was specified to estimate the overall difference in the proportion of illicit consumption, adjusted simultaneously by gender, age group, educational level, area of residence, cigarette consumption and land borders, using p values ≤0.05 to define a significant interaction.
‡The total number of cigarettes consumed (illegal+legal) was as follows: in 2008, male (48.0), female (28.4), 18–24 years (8.5), 25+ years (68.0), 0–7 years of education (39.8), 8+ years of education (36.5), rural (7.3), urban (69.2), less than a pack (3.2), one pack (49.3), more than a pack (23.9), land borders (20.9), no land borders (55.6); in 2013, male (46.5), female (28.2), 18–24 years (7.7), 25+ years (67.0), 0–7 years of education (34.7), 8+ years of education (40.0), rural (6.1), urban (68.6), less than a pack (2.4), one pack (45.0), more than a pack (27.2), land borders (19.3), no land borders (55.3).
§Corresponds to a p value ≤0.01 for χ2 test for differences in proportions between 2008 and 2013 in smoking prevalence rates.
¶Corresponds to a p value ≤0.01 for χ2 test for differences in proportions between 2008 and 2013 in proportion of illicit consumption.
BRL, Brazilian reais; GLM, generalised linear model.