Waterpipe smokers | Non-smokers | ||
---|---|---|---|
Study | Case (%)/control (%) | Case (%)/control (%) | OR, 95% CI |
Lung cancer | |||
Gupta et al31 | 12 (5)/31 (13) | 26 (11)/172 (71) | 2.56 (1.17 to 5.61) |
Koul et al32 | 120 (22)/100 (18) | 57 (10)/277 (50) | 5.83 (3.95 to 8.61) |
Aoun et al33 | 10 (6.5)/4 (2.5) | 40 (27)/96 (64) | 6.00 (1.78 to 20.26) |
Pooled analysis | 142 (15)/135 (14) | 123 (13)/545 (58) | 4.58 (2.61 to 8.03) |
Oesophageal cancer | |||
Khan et al34 | 66 (40)/15 (9) | 28 (17)/58 (34) | 9.11 (4.44 to 18.72) |
Malik et al35 | 106 (32)/38 (12) | 29 (9)/157 (47) | 15.1 (8.78 to 25.98) |
Nasrollahzadeh et al36 | 20 (2)/23 (3) | 280 (32)/548 (63) | 1.70 (0.92 to 3.15) |
Dar et al37 | 420 (18)/699 (30) | 282 (12)/949 (40) | 2.02 (1.69 to 2.42) |
Shakeri et al38 | 11 (3)/17 (4) | 119 (31)/243 (62) | 1.32 (0.6 to 2.91) |
Pooled analyses | 623 (15)/792 (19) | 738 (18)/1955 (48) | 3.63 (1.39 to 9.44) |
Head and neck cancer | |||
Feng et al39 | 9 (1)/15 (2) | 441 (51)/404 (46) | 0.55 (0.24 to 1.27) |
(Nasopharyngeal) | |||
Khlifi et al40 | 40 (8)/37 (7) | 129 (25)/314 (60) | 2.63 (1.61 to 4.30) |
Bladder cancer | |||
Bedwani et al41 | 12 (11)/ 24 (23) | 14 (13)/56 (53) | 2.00 (0.81 to 4.96) |
Gastric cancer | |||
Shakeri et al42 | 15 (2)/13 (1) | 294 (32)/600 (65) | 2.35 (1.11 to 5.01) |
Prostate cancer | |||
Hosseini et al43 | 8 (3)/2 (1) | 129 (47)/135 (49) | 4.19 (0.87 to 20.08) |
Significant results for pooled analyses are indicated in bold.