Characteristics of observational studies examining association between impact of POS tobacco promotion and behavioural smoking outcomes among children and adolescents
| First author, reference | Year published | Year data collected | Country | Study design | Average age of sample (years) | Sample size | Exposure | Outcome | Adjustments | POS context score | NOQAS score (10 maximum) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Braverman24 | 2004 | 1995 | Norway | Cross-sectional | 13–15 | 4065 | Self-reported recent exposure to retail tobacco promotion | Smoking status (daily, occasional, non-smoker) | SES; ethnicity; gender; smoking by family; smoking by friends | 0 | 2 | 2.07 (1.73 to 2.49) |
| Dauphinee25 | 2013 | 2006 | USA | Cohort; 12 months | 11–15 | 1179 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Ever-smoking (vs never-smoking) | Gender; ethnicity; school year; survey year; school performance; unsupervised days after school; risk-taking propensity; smoker at home; friend who smokes | 1 | 7 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) |
| Feighery26 | 2006 | 2003 | USA | Cross-sectional | 11–14 | 2063 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Ever smoking (vs never-smoking) | SES; ethnicity; gender; smoking by family; smoking by friends; unsupervised time | 1 | 5 | 2.01 (1.54 to 2.62) |
| Henriksen27 | 2004 | 2003 | USA | Cross-sectional | 11–14 | 2125 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Ever smoking (vs never-smoking) | SES; ethnicity; gender; smoking by family; smoking by friends; exposure to other tobacco marketing | 1 | 5 | 1.50 (1.10 to 2.10) |
| Henriksen18 | 2010 | 2003 | USA | Cohort; 12 months | 11–14 | 1182 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Transition from never-smoking to ever-smoking | School year; gender; ethnicity; racial minority; academic performance; being unsupervised after school; risk-taking propensity; parent smoking; sibling smoking; exposure to smoking on TV/ movies; perceived exposure to retail tobacco advertising | 1 | 7 | 2.06 (1.32 to 3.21) |
| Kim22 | 2013 | 2004–2008 | USA | Cross-sectional | 9–17 | 46 894 | Mean no. of cigarette adverts per store at county level | Current smoker | Age; ethnicity; gender; student income; school smoking prevalence; living with smoker; county of residence; year of survey | 1 | 8 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) |
| Paynter19 | 2009 | 2007 | New Zealand | Cross-sectional | 14–15 | 27 757 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Current smoker | Age; gender; ethnicity; peer smoking; parental smoking; smoking in the home; school SES | 0 | 7 | 1.73 (1.19 to 2.50) |
| Schooler28 | 1996 | 1994 | USA | Cross-sectional | 13 | 571 | Self-reported frequency of noticing retail tobacco promotion | Ever smoking | NA | 1 | 2 | 2.98 (2.01 to 4.41) |
| Slater23 | 2007 | 2003 | USA | Cross-sectional | 14–18 | 26 301 | Observational assessments of tobacco promotion in stores | Transition from never-smoker to ‘puffer’ | School grade, gender, ethnicity; resides with both parents; student income; parental education; urbanisation; state-level tobacco control policies; year of data collection | 1 | 6 | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) |
| Spanopoulos29 | 2013 | 2011 | UK | Cross-sectional | 11–15 | 5376 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Ever smoking (vs never-smoking) | Gender; ethnicity; school year; academic performance; rebelliousness; parent smoking; sibling smoking; perceived peer smoking prevalence; SES | 0 | 7 | 1.64 (1.14 to 2.34) |
| Watanabe30 | 2013 | 2008–2009 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 15–18 | 540 | Self-reported store-visiting frequency | Current smoker | Parental smoking | 1 | 2 | 6.73 (2.00 to 22.60) |
NA, not available; NOQAS, Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale; POS, point-of-sale; SES, socioeconomic status.