Association of exposure to tobacco and e-cigarette advertisements or promotions with tobacco smoking, e-cigarette experimentation, internet use and sociodemographic factors in 28 European Union member states, Eurobarometer 2014
| Exposure to tobacco advertisements (n=25 454) OR (95% CI) | Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (n=25 528) OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) | ||
| ≥55 (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 40–54 | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.27) |
| 25–39 | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.38) | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.40) |
| 15–24 | 1.60 (1.44 to 1.78) | 1.46 (1.31 to 1.63) |
| Gender | ||
| Female (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.40) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.20) |
| Difficulties paying bills | ||
| Never/almost never (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| From time to time/most of the time | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.18) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) |
| Age when stopped education (years) | ||
| Up to 15 (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 16–19 | 1.22 (1.12 to 1.33) | 1.29 (1.17 to 1.42) |
| ≥20 | 1.40 (1.27 to 1.54) | 1.51 (1.36 to 1.67) |
| Area of residence | ||
| Rural (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) |
| Tobacco smoking | ||
| Never smokers (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current smoker | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19) | 1.26 (1.17 to 1.36) |
| Former smoker | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.30 (1.20 to 1.40) |
| Internet use | ||
| Never/no access (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Often/sometimes | 1.63 (1.47 to 1.80) | 1.82 (1.64 to 2.03) |
| Everyday | 1.71 (1.57 to 1.86) | 2.21 (2.01 to 2.42) |
| E-cigarette experimentation | ||
| No (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.37) | 1.76 (1.60 to 1.94) |
| Tobacco Control Scale tobacco advertising score | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) |
Results from a multilevel regression model adjusted for all the variables in the table; country was the higher level of analysis. Statistically significant associations are shown in bold.