Prevalence of voluntary smoke-free home rules, SHS incursions, rules about smoking in the building and preferences for smoke-free policies among MUH residents living in six communities across the USA: overall and stratified by public/affordable housing versus market-rate housing
| Outcome | Overall (n=1565) (%) | Columbia (n=358) (%) | Charleston (n=318) (%) | Grand Forks (n=196) (%) | Bismarck (n=271) (%) | Fort Collins (n=227) (%) | Pueblo (n=195) (%) |
| Overall (n=1565) | |||||||
| Voluntary rules—smoking in home Does not all smoking anywhere Allows smoking anywhere (anytime) Allows smoking in some places/times | 1259 (76.0) 148 (9.5) 146 (14.5) | 263 (70.6) 53 (14.6) 41 (14.6) | 244 (63.7) 40 (13.9) 33 (22.4) | 159 (82.6) 13 (5.6) 22 (11.8) | 245 (81.9) 12 (5.5) 10 (12.5) | 205 (95.1) 8 (1.3) 11 (3.5) | 143 (68.2) 22 (12.3) 29 (19.5) |
| SHS incursions (unit), past 12 months (% ever)∗ | 522 (49.9) | 121 (45.8) | 82 (33.5) | 69 (39.4) | 99 (53.8) | 89 (75.1)† | 62 (47.7) |
| Rules about smoking in the building No rules about smoking in building Smoking prohibited in shared areas Smoking prohibited in all areas | 866 (67.3) 195 (9.3) 383 (23.4) | 251 (86.7) 44 (7.0) 38 (6.4) | 220 (88.3) 30 (4.3) 41 (7.3) | 76 (41.2) 40 (18.7) 66 (40.1) | 111 (50.8) 30 (7.8) 108 (41.5) | 107 (57.1) 21 (8.7) 78 (34.2) | 101 (53.9) 30 (15.6) 52 (30.6) |
| Preference: smoke-free building policy (% yes)‡ | 603 (56.4) | 162 (56.3) | 143 (63.7) | 72 (68.0) | 95 (51.0) | 68 (46.6) | 63 (45.3) |
| Public/affordable (subsidised) housing (n=459)§ | |||||||
| Voluntary rules—smoking in home Does not all smoking anywhere Allows smoking anywhere (anytime) Allows smoking in some places/times | 339 (59.5) 55 (12.7) 64 (27.8) | 79 (56.2) 12 (9.0) 18 (34.8) | 72 (55.4) 18 (27.7) 13 (16.9) | 38 (60.8) 8 (13.7) 10 (25.5) | 47 (48.6) 4 (9.7) 5 (41.7) | 53 (89.1) 4 (0.0) 5 (10.9) | 50 (58.3) 9 (13.9) 13 (27.8) |
| SHS incursions (unit), past 12 months (% ever)∗ | 148 (51.9) | 39 (49.0) | 25 (37.1) | 21 (54.8) | 21 (58.8) | 21 (63.2)† | 21 (46.3) |
| Rules about smoking in the building No rules about smoking in building Smoking prohibited in shared areas Smoking prohibited in all areas | 213 (62.5) 98 (16.0) 120 (21.5) | 59 (84.9) 28 (10.5) 18 (4.7) | 71 (84.1) 12 (9.5) 12 (6.3) | 19 (41.7) 17 (31.3) 16 (27.1) | 21 (72.1) 12 (10.3) 18 (17.6) | 14 (25.0) 12 (13.6) 33 (61.4) | 29 (43.3) 17 (25.4) 23 (31.3) |
| Preference: smoke-free building policy (% yes)‡ | 177 (52.9) | 51 (69.1) | 50 (57.9) | 20 (65.7) | 21 (25.5) | 14 (66.7) | 21 (35.6) |
| Market-rate housing (n=1068)§ | |||||||
| Voluntary rules—smoking in home Does not all smoking anywhere Allows smoking anywhere (anytime) Allows smoking in some places/times | 888 (82.0) 90 (8.3) 80 (9.7) | 174 (76.6) 39 (16.5) 22 (6.9) | 168 (65.3) 22 (10.6) 20 (24.1) | 116 (90.7) 5 (2.1) 12 (7.1) | 193 (93.9) 8 (4.1) 5 (2.0) | 149 (96.7) 4 (1.7) 6 (1.7) | 88 (75.9) 12 (9.5) 15 (14.7) |
| SHS incursions (unit), past 12 months (% ever)∗ | 366 (49.6) | 80 (45.7) | 55 (31.3) | 46 (35.7) | 77 (53.0) | 68 (78.2)† | 40 (48.3) |
| Rules about smoking in the building No rules about smoking in building Smoking prohibited in shared areas Smoking prohibited in all areas | 635 (69.1) 94 (6.4) 253 (24.4) | 184 (88.4) 15 (4.8) 17 (6.8) | 147 (89.2) 18 (3.0) 28 (7.8) | 55 (41.2) 22 (13.7) 49 (45.0) | 89 (43.4) 17 (6.3) 89 (50.3) | 92 (69.6) 9 (6.1) 26 (24.3) | 69 (59.8) 13 (9.3) 26 (30.8) |
| Preference: smoke-free building policy (% yes)‡ | 412 (57.9) | 107 (53.0) | 92 (65.1) | 49 (68.8) | 73 (67.8) | 53 (43.0) | 38 (47.8) |
| Subsidised versus market-rate comparison¶ Voluntary rules—smoking in home SHS incursions into unit (past 12 months) Rules about smoking in the building Preferences: smoke-free building policies |
p<0.001 p=0.712 p<0.001 p=0.143 |
p<0.001 p=0.750 p=0.146 p=0.013 |
p=0.002 p=0.551 p=0.081 p=0.353 |
p<0.001 p=0.065 p=0.013 p=0.824 |
p<0.001 p=0.578 p<0.001 p<0.001 |
p=0.008 p=0.062 p<0.001 p=0.076 |
p=0.036 p=0.852 p=0.012 p=0.244 |
Analyses (%s; p values) are weighted to the age, sex and race/ethnicity of MUH residents in each community. n represent unweighted data. Missing data (don’t know and refusals) from outcomes are excluded (number missing overall from each outcome: voluntary rules: n=12; SHS incursions: n=13; rules about smoking in the building: n=121; preferences: smoke-free building policy: n=41).
Bolded entries are statistically significant at p<0.05 level based on χ 2 analysis. MUH, multiunit housing; SHS, secondhand smoke.
*SHS incursions reported as ‘ever’ versus ‘never’; SHS incursion analysed among MUH residents with voluntary smoke-free home rules (unweighted n=1259; public/affordable: n=339; market rate: n=888).
†The applied weight strongly influenced the prevalence of SHS incursions in this community (FC). For comparison, unweighted estimates are: 44.3% (overall), 40.4% (subsidized) and 45.6% (market-rate). p Value for comparison of SHS incursions for subsidized and market-rate residents was not significant for unweighted data (p=0.522).
‡Preferences reported as ‘yes’ versus ‘no’; preferences analysed among MUH residents who reside in smoking-allowable buildings only (unweighted n=1061; public/affordable: n=311; market rate: n=729).
§n=38 were missing data on public/affordable housing status and are excluded from stratified analyses.
There was a statistically significant difference by community for each outcome based on χ2 analysis (p<0.05) except for the comparison of ‘Yes – SHS incursion into unit in past 12 months’ by community among public/affordable housing (p=0.271; other p values not shown).
¶p Values comparing the outcome by public/affordable or market-rate housing status within each community are provided in the table.