Demographic predictors of MUH residents reporting each outcome in six communities across the US: stratified by subsidised housing status*
| Voluntary smoke-free home rules | Live in smoke-free building | SHS incursion (past 12 months)† | Prefer smoke-free building‡ | |||||
| Characteristics | Market-rate (n=1044) | Subsidised (n=439) | Market-rate (n=969) | Subsidised (n=413) |
Market-rate (n=803) | Subsidised (n=295) |
Market-rate (n=691) | Subsidised (n=288) |
| Smoking status Current smoker Current non-smoker | 1.0 15.97 (9.92 to 25.41) | 1.0 14.27 (7.78 to 26.18) | 1.0 1.93 (1.19 to 3.13) | 1.0 1.95 (0.99 to 3.86) | 1.0 0.77 (0.47 to 1.26) | 1.0 1.17 (0.52 to 2.64) | 1.0 5.17 (3.25 to 8.21) | 1.0 8.94 (4.40 to 18.17) |
| Child <18 years in HH No Yes | 1.0 4.18 (1.99 to 8.79) | 1.0 1.89 (0.69 to 5.22) | 1.0 2.26 (1.38 to 3.76) | 1.0 0.32 (0.09 to 1.19) | 1.0 1.03 (0.66 to 1.60) | 1.0 1.03 (0.41 to 2.57) | 1.0 1.72 (1.00 to 2.96) | 1.0 2.02 (0.71 to 5.72) |
| MUH type Apartment Style Other MUH | 1.0 0.89 (0.58 to 1.37) | 1.0 1.12 (0.47 to 2.70) | 1.0 0.35 (0.25 to 0.51) | 1.0 0.62 (0.26 to 1.45) | 1.0 0.68 (0.49 to 0.93) | 1.0 0.86 (0.41 to 1.80) | 1.0 0.58 (0.40 to 0.84) | 1.0 2.00 (0.80 to 5.00) |
| Race White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic Other race Missing | 1.0 0.69 (0.38 to 1.23) 0.58 (027 to 1.27) 1.00 (0.32 to 3.10) 0.95 (0.22 to 4.04) | 1.0 1.28 (0.60 to 2.75) 0.98 (0.34 to 2.82) 0.63 (0.15 to 2.72) 0.61 (0.05 to 7.90) | 1.0 0.38 (0.20 to 0.75) 0.60 (0.28 to 1.27) 1.08 (0.47 to 2.48) 1.99 (0.70 to 5.65) | 1.0 0.80 (0.37 to 1.71) 1.19 (0.46 to 3.07) 0.12 (0.01 to 1.11) 1.72 (0.07 to 44.84) | 1.0 0.89 (0.55 to 1.42) 1.98 (1.00 to 3.93) 1.71 (0.77 to 3.79) 0.82 (0.27 to 2.51) | 1.0 1.64 (0.88 to 3.03) 1.57 (0.65 to 3.82) 3.79 (0.69 to 21.48) 5.30 (0.29 to 97.98) | 1.0 1.15 (0.69 to 1.90) 1.07 (0.50 to 2.26) 2.25 (0.73 to 6.90) 2.90 (0.66 to 12.84) | 1.0 1.62 (0.79 to 3.33) 1.27 (0.41 to 3.94) 0.29 (0.07 to 1.29) N/A |
| Education <High school education HS graduate/GED Some college College graduate Graduate school | 1.0 1.33 (0.58 to 3.06) 2.06 (0.86 to 4.91) 1.50 (0.66 to 3.43) 1.50 (0.60 to 3.77) | 1.0 0.88 (0.39 to 2.00) 1.13 (0.48 to 2.65) 3.58 (1.18to 10.87) 2.75 (0.58–12.99) | 1.0 0.59 (0.29 to 1.20) 0.71 (0.34–1.48) 0.53 (0.26 to 1.07) 0.36 (0.17 to 0.79) | 1.0 0.95 (0.45 to 2.00) 0.63 (0.28 to 1.41) 0.62 (0.24 to 1.54) 1.74 (0.54–5.37) | 1.0 1.03 (0.52 to 2.07) 0.84 (0.41 to 1.70) 0.60 (0.30 to 1.19) 0.72 (0.34 to 1.50) | 1.0 0.84 (0.37 to 1.89) 0.77 (0.33 to 1.81) 1.19 (0.49 to 2.89) 1.56 (0.49 to 4.95) | 1.0 10.5 (0.44 to 2.49) 1.13 (0.47 to 2.76) 0.93 (0.40 to 2.18) 1.09 (0.45 to 2.69) | 1.0 0.56 (0.22 to 1.40) 0.68 (0.26 to 1.76) 0.71 (0.24 to 2.06) 0.68 (0.14 to 3.38) |
| Sex Male Female | 1.0 0.98 (0.64 to 1.51) | 1.0 2.18 (1.19 to 3.98) | 1.0 0.91 (0.64 to 1.30) | 1.0 0.96 (0.56 to 1.66) | 1.0 1.51 (1.08 to 2.11) | 1.0 1.45 (0.82 to 2.59) | 1.0 1.33 (0.92 to 1.94) | 1.0 0.79 (0.41 to 1.52) |
| Age (years) 18–24 25–64 65+ | 1.0 0.62 (0.23 to 1.69) 0.47 (0.16 to 1.38) | 1.0 1.80 (0.36 to 9.03) 2.25 (0.41 to 12.32) | 1.0 0.39 (0.18 to 0.85) 0.66 (0.29 to 1.49) | 1.0 0.22 (0.05 to 0.99) 0.54 (0.12 to 2.50) | 1.0 1.23 (0.59 to 2.59) 0.50 (0.23 to 1.11) | 1.0 0.6 (0.06 to 3.31) 0.24 (0.03 to 1.76) | 1.0 0.46 (0.17 to 1.22) 0.71 (0.26 to 1.95) | 1.0 0.44 (0.07 to 2.64) 0.42 (0.06 to 2.79) |
| Sample type RDD population based Targeted lists | 1.0 0.83 (0.44 to 1.54) | 1.0 0.74 (0.27 to 2.00) | 1.0 0.84 (0.52 to 1.34) | 1.0 0.87 (0.36 to 2.09) | 1.0 0.82 (0.53 to 1.28) | 1.0 1.01 (0.42 to 2.56) | 1.0 1.17 (0.68 to 2.01) | 1.0 2.41 (0.88 to 6.58) |
| Knowledge score§ | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.37) | 1.18 (1.05 to 1.33) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.22) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.34) | 1.40 (1.28 to 1.53) | 1.35 (1.18 to 1.54) |
| Live in smoke-free building No Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.0 0.50 (0.35 to 0.71) | 1.0 0.91 (0.53 to 1.58) | NA | NA |
*n=38 were missing data on public/affordable housing status and are excluded from stratified analyses.
†SHS incursions reported as ‘ever’ versus ‘never’ in the past 12 months; SHS incursion outcome analysed among MUH residents who report having voluntary smoke-free home rules.
‡Preference outcome analysed among MUH residents who reside in smoking-allowable buildings only.
§Knowledge score: models, entered as a continuous variable (score out of 10; based on responses of ‘strongly agree’ or agree’ to the statements: SHS can transfer between apartments or units in MUH buildings; landlords /building owners can legally adopt smoke-free policies; SHS can lead to lung cancer in non-smokers; SHS can cause heart disease or heart attacks among non-smokers; SHS can make asthma symptoms worse; SHS can cause ear infections; SHS can lead to respiratory illness in children; exposure to SHS while pregnant increases the chance that a woman will have a spontaneous abortion or other pregnancy or delivery problems; non-smokers breathing in SHS take in nicotine and other toxic chemicals just like smokers; and SHS can cause sudden infant death syndrome).
Current smokers: ‘everyday’ and ‘someday’ smokers. Non-smokers: ‘never’ and ‘former’ smokers. OR and CI’s based on Binary Logistic Regression within Generalised Linear Mixed Modelling, accounting for community clustering. Bolded entries represent statistically significant estimates at p<0.05 level.
GED, General Educational Development; HS, high school; HH, household; MUH, multiunit housing; RDD, random digit dial; SHS, secondhand smoking.