Table 3

Results of probit analyses predicting the probability of cigarette smoking in Zambia

Variables	Random effects probit models				Bivariate seemingly unrelated random effects probit
Variables	All cigarette use (model 1)	Factory-made cigarettes use (model 2)	RYO cigarettes use (model 3)	Dual use (Model 4)	Factory-made cigarettes use (model 5)	RYO cigarettes use (model 5)
Price of factory-made cigarettes	−1.00**	−0.17	1.01**	1.06***	−0.30	0.91*
Price of RYO cigarettes	−0.73**	0.05	−0.41**	0.13	0.07	−0.42*
Income status Below $1.25 (reference)
$1.25 to $1.99	0.22	0.21	0.14	0.17	0.21	0.12
$2.00 and above	−0.25*	−0.02	−0.65***	−0.41***	0.01	−0.67***
Not reported	−0.35**	−0.02	−0.32**	−0.17	−0.01	−0.34*
Age	0.001	−0.03***	0.02***	−0.004*	−0.03***	0.02***
Gender Male (reference)
Female	−4.25***	−2.94***	−3.63***	−1.78***	−2.96***	−3.68***
Urban area of residence No (reference)
Yes	−0.01	0.95***	−2.07***	−0.78***	0.95***	−2.06***
Residence in Lusaka No (reference)
Yes	0.89***	0.62***	−0.45**	−0.02	0.64***	−0.44**
Education Low education (reference)
Primary and higher	−0.14	0.91***	−0.49***	0.37***	0.95***	−0.50***
Occupation Other than white collar (reference)
White collar	0.03	0.21	−2.10***	−0.86*	0.22	−2.08***
Self-reported health status Poor and average (reference)
Good and excellent	−0.70***	−0.56***	−0.85***	−0.44***	−0.52***	−0.84***
Constant	6.67***	2.30***	5.59***	1.16***	2.32***	5.67***