Multivariate logistic regression of prospective associations between exposure to price promotions at W7 and W8 and smoking-related beliefs and smoking status at W8 among current and former smokers by country
| Outcome variables at wave 8 | Canada (n=1374) | UK (n=1325) | Australia (n=855) | USA (n=1144) | Country x Exposure |
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | F, p | |
| Norms | |||||
| Society disapproves (social norms) | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.38 (0.57 to 3.34) | 0.75 (0.43 to 1.29) | 2.06 (0.91 to 4.65) | 0.82 (0.39 to 1.75) | 1.28, 0.26 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.39 (0.81 to 2.40) | 1.87 (1.08 to 3.21)* | 1.76 (0.90 to 3.44) | 1.05 (0.47 to 2.37) | |
| People think you should not smoke (injunctive norms) | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.89 (0.40 to 1.97) | 0.66 (0.32 to 1.35) | 0.76 (0.28 to 2.05) | 1.84 (0.76 to 4.48) | 0.50, 0.80 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.38 (0.73 to 2.60) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.58) | 1.61 (0.64 to 4.05) | 1.36 (0.55 to 3.34) | |
| Functional value of smoking | |||||
| Calms down when stressed | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.87 (0.94 to 3.73) | 1.31 (0.75 to 2.30) | 1.03 (0.43 to 2.46) | 2.02 (1.04 to 3.95)* | 0.55, 0.76 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.30 (0.79 to 2.12) | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.60) | 1.66 (0.88 to 3.14) | 1.26 (0.65 to 2.45) | |
| Important part of life | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.93 (0.53 to 1.65) | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.27) | 0.87 (0.44 to 1.74) | 0.65 (0.35 to 1.20) | 1.47, 0.18 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.73 (0.48 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.62 to 1.36) | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.09) | 1.32 (0.70 to 2.47) | |
| Enjoy smoking | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.80 (0.76 to 4.26) | 1.25 (0.63 to 2.50) | 0.88 (0.34 to 2.26) | 1.30 (0.54 to 3.15) | 0.49, 0.81 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.44 (0.84 to 2.47) | 1.07 (0.61 to 1.89) | 1.24 (0.62 to 2.50) | 1.24 (0.50 to 3.03) | |
| Misconceptions around smoking | |||||
| Lighter taste means less tar | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.89 (0.41 to 1.91) | 0.49 (0.30 to 0.80)* | 0.97 (0.41 to 2.30) | 0.53 (0.22 to 1.23) | 0.88, 0.50 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.34 (0.81 to 2.21) | 0.96 (0.58 to 1.59) | 1.10 (0.47 to 2.57) | 1.34 (0.56 to 3.19) | |
| Harsher smoke is more dangerous | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.76 (0.41 to 1.41) | 0.53 (0.32 to 0.88)* | 0.74 (0.36 to 1.50) | 1.20 (0.66 to 2.18) | 1.81, 0.09 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.26 (0.82 to 1.94) | 0.69 (0.43 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.74) | 1.82 (0.96 to 3.46) | |
| Tobacco industry and its regulations | |||||
| Tobacco industry more tightly regulated | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.67 (0.88 to 3.16) | 1.08 (0.66 to 1.79) | 1.54 (0.74 to 3.17) | 0.99 (0.58 to 1.69) | 0.30, 0.93 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.20 (0.79 to 1.81) | 0.86 (0.53 to 1.41) | 1.33 (0.79 to 2.22) | 1.11 (0.64 to 1.90) | |
| Tobacco industry allowed no promotion for cigs | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.10 (0.56 to 2.16) | 0.99 (0.56 to 1.74) | 2.44 (0.96 to 6.17) | 1.06 (0.61 to 1.86) | 0.38, 0.88 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.98 (1.19 to 3.30)* | 1.28 (0.75 to 2.18) | 2.20 (1.06 to 4.55)* | 1.22 (0.68 to 2.19) | |
| Tobacco plain packages for cigs | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.14 (0.65 to 1.98) | 0.91 (0.53 to 1.56) | 0.90 (0.43 to 1.85) | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.77) | 0.13, 0.99 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.42) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.23) | 1.18 (0.68 to 2.04) | 1.11 (0.58 to 2.11) | |
| Tobacco industry sincerely improve health of customers | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.96) | 1.03 (0.60 to 1.76) | 0.40 (0.16 to 0.99)* | 1.10 (0.65 to 1.86) | 0.47, 0.83 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 0.96 (0.61 to 1.49) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.45) | 0.61 (0.34 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.61 to 1.80) | |
| Sue tobacco companies to recover healthcare costs | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.14 (0.62 to 2.10) | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.46) | 0.68 (0.27 to 1.70) | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.29) | 0.45, 0.84 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.20 (0.77 to 1.89) | 1.19 (0.76 to 1.86) | 1.09 (0.65 to 1.83) | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.83) | |
| Smoking behaviour (being a current smoker at W8) | |||||
| At W7 and W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.20 (0.48 to 3.00) | 1.57 (0.76 to 3.21) | 2.09 (0.88 to 4.95) | 1.50 (0.62 to 3.65) | 0.18, 0.98 |
| At either W7 or W8 (vs no exposure) | 1.22 (0.64 to 2.34) | 1.10 (0.63 to 1.91) | 1.67 (0.76 to 3.67) | 1.07 (0.43 to 2.67) |
Adjusted for age (reference: 18–24), gender (reference: male), ethnicity (reference: white, English only), income (reference: high), education (reference: high), marital status (reference: single), survey mode at W7 and W8 (reference: telephone, English), wave of recruitment (reference: W1 recruits) and smoking status at W7 (reference: daily smoker). All belief statements were adjusted for belief at W7 except for ‘tobacco industry sincerely improve health of customers’ because no measure was available at W7.
*p<0.05.
AOR, adjusted OR; W, wave.